| A | B |
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| What are the structures of the integumentary system? | Skin, hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands |
| The skin consists of which 3 layers | Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous |
| What is the epidermis layer of the skin? | It is the outer visible layer that contains keratin (an extremely tough, protective protein substance that can cause tissue to become hard or horny) |
| What is the dermis layer of the skin? | It is the second layer of the skin, contains proteins and mucopolysaccharides (thick, gelatinous material) that provides a supporting matrix for nerve tissue, blood vessels, sweat and sebum glands, and hair follicles |
| What is the subcutaneous layer of the skin? | It is the deeper layer and made up of fatty connective tissue |
| What are the two types of sweat glands? | Eccrine and apocrine |
| Where are eccrine glands located? | Distributed over much of the body, especially on the palms and soles of the hands and feet |
| Where are apocrine glands found? | Limited to genitalia, axillae, and areolae (around nipples) |
| What are the benefits of the skin? | Temperature control, Fluid balance, Absorption and excretion, & Physical barrier |
| How are burns classified? | First degree, Second degree, Third degree, Fourth degree |
| What is a first degree burn? | It is not classified and is erythematous, very painful, but not blistered |
| What is a second degree burn? | It is a partial-thickness burn, extends through the epidermis and may penetrate into the dermis. May see blisters, will heal by regeneration, and full function and appearance should be recovered |
| What is a third degree burn? | It is a full-thickness burn, penetrates dermis and may involve subcutaneous tissue. Hair follicles sweat and sebaceous glands are destroyed. Healing should occur through scar formation and re-epithelialization |
| What is a fourth degree burn? | It is a complete burn. It extends into the subcutaneous tissue to muscle, fascia or bone. May generate systemic toxic reactions or rapidly lead to infection or sepsis |
| What is the rule of 9 for adults? | Head 9%, Arms 9% each, Legs 18% each, Chest 18%, Back 18%, Groin 1% |
| What is the rule of 9 for children? | Head 18%, Arms 9% each, Legs 13.5% each, Chest 18%, Back 18%, Groin 1% |
| What other systems is the skin a health indicator for? | Respiratory, Cardiovascular, GI, Urinary, Neurological, Endocrine, Lymphatic/Immune |
| What are some indications from issues with the respiratory system? | Central and Peripheral cyanosis (central: O2 stats drop below 80%; skin turns bluish) (peripheral: decreased CO; nail beds and lips turn bluish), Clubbing of fingers, Bad hypoxia when O2 stats drop below 90% |
| What are some indications from issues with the cardiovascular system? | Change In Skin Color And Temperature, Lesions, Ulcerations, Necrosis, Cyanosis, (Decreased CO) |
| What are some indications from issues with the gastrointestinal system? | Jaundice, Xanthomas (lipid deposits), Papules |
| What are some indications from issues with the urinary system? | Uremic frost (residue of urea on skin), Pruritus (itching) |
| What are some indications from issues with the neurological system? | Decrease in sensation (touch, temperature, pressure, vibration, pain), Alterations in regulation of skin's temperature, moisture, and oiliness, Burning sensations |
| What are some indications from issues with the endocrine system? | Alterations in skin integrity (Diabetic foot ulcer), Dry, cool, fluffy, with nonpitting edema; dull, brittle, and sparse hair (hypothyroidism), Warmer, sweatier, smoother than usual; thin and brittle nails; fine, silky and patchy hair loss (hyperthyroidism) |
| What are some indications from issues with the lymphatic/immune system? | Rashes, Lesions, Hypersensitivity (Allergies), Atopic Dermatitis, Psoriasis, Lupus Erythematosus |
| What are some specific considerations about older adults? | Skin atrophies, Decrease in melanocytes function (grey hair, paler skin), Increases in melanocytes function (age spots), Axillary, pubic, and scalp hair loss, Nasal and ear hair growth |
| What is seborrheic keratosis? | Liver spots ; look like freckles |
| What are skin tags? | Waxy lesions, Looks like big brown moles, Precursor to cancer |
| What is purpura? | Bits of skin-colored tissue surface nodules (often found under arms or around neck) |
| What is xanthelasma? | Dark bruises on the skin, look like big red/purple patches, fragile skin |
| What is Basal Cell Carcinoma? | Yellowish deposit of fat underneath the skin, usually on or around the eyelids |
| What is Squamous Cell Carcinoma? | Most common form of skin cancer from basal cells, usually occurs on sun-damaged skin, does not usually metastasize or spread to lymph nodes or internal organs |
| What is systemic lupus? | AKA butterfly rash around the eyes it's an autoimmune disease |
| How do you measure a skin lesion? | Length x Width, length is longest side |
| Which two methods of physical assessment are used for the integumentary system? | Inspection and palpation |
| What is Inspection? | Look for surface characteristics (color, size, shape), Look for symmetry, Notice any unusual odors? unusual sounds? Can be direct or indirect |
| What is direct inspection? | You look directly at the patient |
| What is indirect inspection? | You look at the patient using equipment to enhance visualization |
| How do you inspect the integumentary system? | Inspect overall skin condition (intact, non-intact?), General survey, Color and variations in color, Hair distribution, Lesions? (single, multiple?) |
| How do you palpate the integumentary system? | Check for temperature, texture, moisture (dry, intact), skin turgor (elastic, brisk), edema, lesions |
| How do you describe a skin lesion? | Name Of Lesion (Papule, Pustule, Etc.)Size (cm), Shape (Irregular, Round, Oval), Color, Texture (Smooth, Rough) |
| What is a primary lesion? | A lesion that arise from normal skin |
| What is a flat, non-palpable lesion of <1cm? | Macule |
| What is a flat, non-palpable lesion of >1cm? | Patch |
| What is a raised lesion of <1cm? | Papule |
| What is a raised lesion of >1cm? | Plaque |
| What is a raised lesion of <2cm? | Nodule |
