| A | B |
|---|
| Arteries and veins have 3 layers | Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica adventitia |
| Arteries | Arteries have a thicker muscular layer and more elastic fibers than veins do, and therefore are thicker walled; carry O2 blood away from the heart |
| Veins | arry deoxygenated blood toward the heart; have thinner walls, and have semilunar intimal folds (valves) |
| Vasa vasorum | Tiny network of vessels in the walls of the vessels which provides nourishment |
| Heart | Enclosed in a pericardial sac; Divided into right and left by a septum; made up of 3 layers |
| Layers of the Heart | Epicardium(Outer lining), Myocardium(Muscular, functional middle layer), endocardium(inner lining) |
| Right Atria | Receives deoxygenated blood from the inferior and superior vena cavae, and from coronary circulation via the coronary sinus |
| Right Ventricles | Pumps blood through the pulmonary valve into the main pulmonary artery, which divides into right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs |
| Left Atria | Receives O2 blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins |
| Left Ventricles | Pumps blood to systemic circulation via the aorta, through the aortic valve |
| Coronary circulation | Occurs in the right and left coronary arteries; Originate in the sinuses of Valsalva behind the cusps of the aortic valve in the ascending aorta |
| Tricuspid Valve | Valve Between the right atrium and right ventricle; Consists of 3 leaflets |
| Pulmonary Valve | Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery |
| Mitral Valve | Between the left atrium and left ventricle; Consists of 2 leaflets (AKA bicuspid) |
| Aortic Valve | Between the left ventricle and the aorta |
| Chordae tendineae | Between the left ventricle and the aorta; Prevents the valve from everting into the atria |
| Sinoatrial (SA) node | Located in the area where the superior vena cava meets the right atrium; The process of excitation and contraction originates here; pacemaker of the heart |
| In the right atrium, close to the tricuspid valve | Atrioventricular (AV) junction (node) |
| Bundle of His | Extends down the right side of the septum; Bundle divides into the right and left bundle branches, which terminate in a network of Purkinje fibers |
| Purkinje fibers | Spread throughout the inner surface of both ventricles; Stimulation produces contractions of the ventricles |
| O+ Blood Type | Almost 40% of the population has___ blood; Patients with this type of blood must receive same type blood; About half of all blood ordered by hospitals in our area is Type O |
| Type O blood | The universal blood type and is the only blood type that can be transfused to patients with other blood types |
| Type O negative blood | the preferred type for accident victims and babies needing exchange transfusions |
| RH + blood | If this type of blood is given to an RH negative person, recipient can produce counteracting proteins (antibodies) which will destroy the RH + blood cells |
| RH – blood | mother may become sensitized by the proteins from an RH + fetus, and produce antibodies, possibly causing erythroblastosis fetalis |
| PVD | Peripheral Vascular Disease |
| Arteriosclerosis | A common arterial disorder characterized by thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls; Often develops with aging, and with hypertension, nephrosclerosis, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia |
| Atherosclerosis | A common arterial disorder characterized by yellowish plaques of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris in the inner layers of the walls of arteries, Often develops with aging, and with obesity, hypertension, and diabetes |
| Embolus | A foreign object, a quantity of air or gas, a bit of tissue or tumor, or a piece of thrombus that circulates in the bloodstream until it becomes lodged in a vessel |
| Thrombus | Blood clot, An aggregation of platelets, fibrin, clotting factors, and the cellular elements of the blood attached to the inner wall of a vein or artery, sometimes occluding the vessel |
| Aneurysm | A localized dilation of the wall of a blood vessel, usually caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension |
| Transient Ischemic Attack | Episode of neurologic dysfunction that resolves within 24 hours; May be caused by athromatous debris or a thromboembolism from a carotid artery |
| Stroke | Ischemia of brain tissues by occlusion by an embolus, thrombus, or a cerebral hemorrhage |
| Claudication | “to limp”; Most common symptom of lower extremity PVD; Occurs with exercise distal to the obstruction; Blood flow is adequate at rest but inadequate to sustain exercise; AKA functional ischemia |
| Congestive Heart Failure | An abnormal condition that reflects poor cardiac pumping; Failure of the ventricle to eject blood efficiently results in volume overload, causing pulmonary and venous congestion |
| Valvular Stenosis | Valve leaflets are fibrous and stiff, with uneven and adherent margins |
| Valvular Insufficiency (incompetence) | Valve leaflets with degeneration or perforations, dilated annuli, or ruptured chorda; Produces regurgitation of blood into the originating chambere |
| Angiography | Injection of contrast media into the patients arterial system and tracking its movements by x-ray |
| Doppler Scanning | Probe directs an ultrasound beam that is reflected back to the probe by moving RBC’s, the velocity of which is then converted into an audible signal through a speaker |
