| A | B |
|---|
| Quanta | Eneergy that is radiated discontinuously in irregular packets; challenged Newton's theories |
| Relativity | Idea that time and space are not absolute but are relative to the observer and both are interwoven inot a four dimensional space-time continum |
| Superman | Superior intellect who stood above the masses; he would create his own values and lead the masses |
| "Lifeforce" | Reality that suffused all things; it could not be divided and analyzed |
| Repression | Term coined by Freud; used to explain irrational or unexplained behavior |
| Volk | German concept for nation, people, race which had been anunderlying force in German history since the start of the 19th century |
| Friedrich Nietzsche | Coined the term "superman" |
| Henri Bergson | Coined the term "lifeforce"/believed that reality was a whole that could only be grasped intuitively and experienced directly |
| Houston Stewart Chamberlain | Stongest proponent of German volkish ideology; although English became a German citizen |
| "The Foundations of the NIneteenth Century | Chamberlain's book which suggsted that modern-day Germans were the only pure successors of the Aryans |
| Aryans | Group portrayed as the true and original creators of Western culture |
| Pope Pius IX | Pope who took a rigid stand against modern ideas |
| Syllabus of Errors | Issued by Pius IX stated that the pope could not reconcile himself to or agree with progress, liberalism or modern civilization |
| Pope Leo XIII | Pope who compromised with modern ideas; permitted the teaching of theory of evolution |
| "De Rurum Novarum" | Issued by Leo XIII; it upheld the right of the individual to own private property, but condemned capitalism for its exploitation of the working class |
| Naturalism | An extension of realism but with a ore pessimistic view about Europe's future; often portrayed characteris in the grasp of uncontrollable forces |
| Impressionism | Artistic movement that originated in France; artists sought natural light in order to capture the interplay of light on natural objects |
| Post-impressionism | Artistic moverment that retained the impressionist emphasis upon light and color, but paid more attention of structure and form; wanted to produce a personal statement of reality |
| Christian socialism | Ideology adopted by Austrian political group that combined agitation for wokers' needs with virulent anti-Semitism |
| Karl Lueger | Powerful anti-Semitic mayor of Vienna; supporter of Christian socialism |
| Zionism | A Jewish nationalist movement that called for the creation of a Jewish national state in Palestine |
| Theodor Herzl | Founder of Zionism |
| Peter Stolypin | Tsar Nicholas II's chief advisor form 1906-1911; opened the door to private ownership of land by peasants |
| Imperialism | A race for colonies in the late 19th century that was closely tied to nationalism and industrialization |
| Great Trek | Disgusted with British policy in their newly acquired Cape Colony, the Boers migrated to the region between the Orange and Vaal Rivers |
| Rhodesia | Territory in Africa, north of the Transval; named for Cecil Rhodes |
| Cecil Rhodes | Englishman who made his wealth in the diamond and gold mines of South Africa; wished to established British hegemony from Cairo to Capetown |
| Meiji | Name of the reign of Emperor Mutsuhito of Japan; during this period, Japan moderized and became an imperialist nation |
| Max Planck | Developed the quantum theory of energy |
| Albert Einstein | Developed the theory of relativity |
| Georges Sorel | French political theorist who suggested that violence was the one sure way to achieve socialist aims |
| "The Interpretation of Dreams" | Freud's book that contained the basic foundation for psychoanalysis |
| Herbert Spencer | British philosopher who argued that societies were organisms that evolved through time from a struggle with the environment |
| Friedrich von Bernhardi | Author of "Germany and the Next War" who suggested that war was a biological necessity |
| Ernst Renan | Author of "Life of Jesus" who questioned the accuracy of the Bible and refuted the divinity of Jesus |
| Modernism | Religious movement condemned by the Catholic Church; followers viewed Bible as set of useful moral ideas |
| Emile Zola | Naturalist novelist who maintained that the artist must analyze life as a biologist would dissect a living organism |
| Fyodor Dostoevsky | Russian novelist who combined narrative skill and acute psychological and moral observation with profound insights into human nature |
| Symbolists | Writers who believed that an objective knowledge of the world was impossible; believed that art should function for its won sake |
| Emmeline Pankhurst | Founder of the Women's Social and Political Union |
| Millicent Fawcett | Liberal who organized a moderate women's group that urged women to show that they would use political power responsibly |
| Emily Davis | Feminist who drew attention to the cause by throwing herself in front of a horse at the Epsom Derby |
| Bertha von Suttner | Head of the Austrian Peace Society and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905 |
| Maria Montessori | Medical doctor who devised new methods of teaching children |
| Alfred Dreyfus | French Jewish military officer convicted of selling military secrets to the Germans; later fully exonerated |
| Adolf Stocker | Head of the Christian Social Workers in Gemany; used anti-Semitism to win voted of lower middle class |
| Pogroms | Organized attacks against the Jews; especially prevelent in eastern Europe |
| Fabian Socialists | Group of British intellectuals who urged the workers to use their right ot vote to capture the House of Commons and thus win reforms |
| National Insurance Act of 1911 | Social welfare program passed by Parliament and funded by increased taxes on the wealthy |
| Trasformismo | Method used by Giolitti to create new coalitions from old political parties; only served to make Italian politics more corrupt |
| Sergei Witte | Russian count and finance minister who saw industrial growth as crucial for Russia's national strength |
| Bloody Sunday | Peaceful workers' demonstration at the Winter Palace; government troops responded by slaughtering 100's |
| October Manifesto | Issued by Tsar Nicholas II; created the Duma |
| Leopold II | King of Belgium that set off the race for colonies in central Africa |
| Berlin Conference 1884-85 | Called by Bismarck; meeting of European nations to set rules for colonization of Africa |
