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| Christian (northern) humanism | an intellectual movement in northern Europe in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries that combined the interest in the classics of the Italian Renaissance with an interest in the sources of early Christianity, including the New ¬Testament and the writings of the church fathers. |
| Huguenots | : French Calvinists |
| Indulgence | the remission of part or all of the temporal punishment in purgatory due to sin; granted for charitable contributions and other good deeds. Indulgences became a regular practice of the Christian church in the High Middle Ages, and their abuse was instrumental in sparking Luther’s reform movement in the sixteenth century. |
| Justification by faith | the primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation; taught that humans are saved not through good works, but by the grace of God, bestowed freely through the sacrifice of Jesus. |
| Millenarianism | : belief among some Christian groups that the end of time and therefore the kingdom of God was at hand. |
| Pluralism | : the practice in which one person holds several church offices simultaneously; a problem of the late medieval church. |
| Politiques | : a group who emerged during the French Wars of Religion in the sixteenth century; placed politics above religion and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war. |
| Popular culture | as opposed to high culture, the unofficial, written and unwritten culture of the masses, much of which was passed down orally; centers on public and group activities such as festivals. In the twentieth century, refers to the entertainment, recreation, and pleasures that people purchase as part of mass consumer society. |
| Predestination | : the belief, associated with Calvinism, that God, as a consequence of his foreknowledge of all events, has predetermined those who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be damned. |
| Puritans | religious reformers in England who hoped to cleanse the Church of England of any traces of Catholicism |
| Sacraments | rites considered imperative for a Christian’s salvation. By the thirteenth century consisted of the Eucharist or Lord’s Supper, baptism, marriage, penance, extreme unction, holy orders, and confirmation of children; Protestant reformers of the sixteenth century generally recognized only two—baptism and communion (the Lord’s Supper). |
| Transubstantiation | Catholic doctrine that the bread and wine used in the Eucharist were miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus. |
