| A | B |
|---|
| Federal Government | Word describing those officials responsible to ruling the entire country. The power is centralized in Washington D.C. |
| Reconstruction | The attempt to unify the nation after the civil war which included helping former slaves gain rights as citizens |
| Black Codes | Harsh rules or laws imposed on African Americans in the south following the Civil War. |
| Freedmen’s Bureau | Government agency responsible for helping with the needs of freed slaves and poor whites after the Civil War |
| Thirteenth Amendment | Freed the slaves |
| Fourteenth Amendment | Gave citizenship and equal rights to former slaves |
| Fifteenth Amendment | Gave black men the right to vote |
| Election of 1876 | Ended Reconstruction with a compromise that allowed Republican Rutherford B. Hayes to be president and brought an end to Reconstruction in the south. |
| De Jure Segregation | Separation of races by law. (aka Jim Crow Laws) |
| Civil Rights Act of 1875 | Laws enacted by Congress that forbade segregation in public facilities. The Supreme Court later decided Congress had no authority in local matters, thus overturning deeming the act unconstitutional. |
| Civil Disobedience | the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest. |
| Booker T. Washington | African American who argued blacks needed to achieve economic success before political seeking political equality |
| Civil War | Clash between the Northern states of the United States and the Southern states, mainly over the issue of slavery |
| W.E.B. DuBois | African American leader who argued that blacks must first have political equality to |
| Charles Houston | Attorney, who went on to be the lead counsel for the NAACP--worked his entire life to end “separate but equal” |
| “separate but equal” | The Supreme Court phrase at states segregation is constitutional, but only if it is equal |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson | Supreme Court case that ruled that segregation is constitutional, but only if equal facilities are available |
| NAACP | Organization committed to advancing the rights of African Americans through the courts |
| Redlining | The practice of denying loans, or insurance to certain areas deemed “financial risks” |
| Jackie Robinson | The first African American player in Major League Baseball |
| White Flight | Process of middle class residents (often white) leaving inner cities for a safer cleaner life elsewhere—often causing cities to lose significant tax revenue |
| Brown v. Board of Education | Supreme Court ruling that ended “separate but equal” in schools |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | The yearlong choice by African Americans not to ride busses as a way to protest segregation on busses |
| SCLC | Organization founded by Martin Luther King jr, aimed at fighting for civil rights for African Americans |
| SNCC | Student organization organized by Ella Baker aimed at fighting for civil rights |
| Civil Rights Act 1964 | outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public (known as "public accommodations") |
| Fannie Lou Hamer | Activist to spoke out on the failure of the Mississippi democratic party to adequately represent African Americans |
| Great Society | Lyndon Johnson’s plan to end poverty in America |
| Voting Rights Act 1965 | Federal law that strengthened the 15th Amendment by eliminating all barriers to voting |
| Watts Riots | Reaction in a California neighborhood to a white police officer beating a black motorist |
| Black Panthers | Militant organization set up to fight for black rights |
| Civil Rights Act 1968 | also known as the Fair Housing Act, prohibiting discrimination in sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, creed, and national origin. |
| Kerner Report | Government explanation of the causes of the Watts Riots |
| LA Riots | Reaction of residents of Los Angeles to the acquittal of police officers accused of using excessive force during an arrest |
| Affirmative Action | A policy aimed at making up for past discrimination by setting quotas for inclusion of minorities in jobs and education |
| De facto Segregation | Segregation that is happening, but not because of a law |
| Due Process | Right given to all american protecting their liberty until legal proceeding have completed |
| Lynching | Mob killing, especially by hanging and without a legal trial, for an alleged offense. |
| Racial profiling | The use of a person’s race or ethnicity as grounds for suspicion of having committed criminal offenses |
