| A | B |
|---|
| Manifest Destiny | The belief that the United States had a God given right to expand across the country |
| Transcontinental railroad | Cross country rail line that brought people and goods west and helped expand the country both geographically and financially |
| Fifteenth Amendment | Gave black men the right to vote |
| Fourteenth Amendment | Gave citizenship and equal rights to former slaves |
| Thirteenth Amendment | Freed the slaves |
| Reconstruction | The attempt to unify the nation after the civil war which included helping former slaves gain rights as citizens |
| American Federation of Labor | Labor union for white men with a skill. Fought for shorter hours |
| Capital | money |
| Capitalism | Economy having goods and services own by individuals |
| Socialism | Economy having goods and services own by the government |
| Collective Bargaining | Group of workers coming together to negotiate their contract (it’s harder to say no to 100 people that it is to one person) |
| Corporation (Big Business) | Large business where ownership is shared by investors (shareholders). You risk only what you invest |
| Economy | the process or system by which goods and services are produced |
| Industry | The Factories |
| Laissez faire | “Hands off!” Little government intervention in business |
| Mass production | Produce goods in large quantities. It makes the price go down |
| Monopoly | Complete control of a single product or service (i.e Ameren UE in St. Louis) |
| Regulation | an official rule or law that says how something should be done |
| Social Darwinism | “Survival of the Fittest” “Only the strong survive”—helped justify income gap |
| Labor | workers considered as a group |
| Gospel of Wealth | Idea saying “be free to make as much money as possible but use it responsibly” |
| Captain of Industry | A man or corporation that uses their profits to do good in the country |
| union | an organization of workers formed to protect the rights and interests of its members |
| immigrant | People who leave one country/nation for another |
| Immigrants before 1890 | Mostly Northern and Western Europeans who were Protestant (assimilated easily with “natives”) “old immigrants” |
| Immigrants after 1890 | Mostly Southern and Eastern Europeans who were Jews and Catholics (looked down upon by “natives”) “new immigrants” |
| Push factors | Reasons such as political unrest, or famine that caused immigrants to leave a country |
| Pull factors | Reasons such as jobs, or freedom that cause an immigrant to move to a new country |
| Ellis Island | New York Island where immigrants passed through before entering America |
| Americanization | Becoming American—adopting the culture of America |
| Nativism | Belief that immigrants should be limited or tightly controlled. Usually a dislike of immigrants |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | Law that halted Chinese immigrants from coming to the U.S. |
| urbanization | The growth of cities |
| Tenements | Poorly constructed, unsafe, crowded apartment buildings, with poor sanitation often home to the poorest urban residents |
| quota | limit on the number or amount of people or things that are allowed |
| Progressivism | Belief in new ideas to make cities and government better |
| reform | To improve or correct something |
| Political Machines | A group that controls a political party (and city politics) through bribes, violence, and vote fraud. Caused corrupt and ineffective governments |
| Muckraker | Journalists who tried to expose problems in society |
| Direct primary | People vote to select who will represent a political party in the general election—limits corruption |
| Initiative | Gives people the power to create laws and put them to vote for approval |
| Referendum | Voters accept or reject laws made by state government |
| recall | Voters can hold a special election to remove an elected official from office |
| Gilded Age | Term applied to the 19th century, describing how America's problems were covered up by its wealth. |
| Temperance | the movement to end the use of alcohol |
| 19th Amendment | Amendment to the Constitution that gave women the right to vote |
| Theodore Roosevelt | Republican turned Progressive president who supported fair business regulation, women’s rights, conservation and more |
| The Jungle | Progressive novel that exposed the problems of the meatpacking industry and led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | law that allowed the government to inspect food and medicine and banned the interstate shipment and sale of impure food and the mislabeling of food and drugs |
| Sixteenth Amendment | change to the constitution that gave Congress the authority to collect an income tax |
| Clayton Anti-Trust Act | law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act and stated that it could not be used against labor union practices |
| Seventeenth Amendment | Direct election of senators |
| bull market | An extended period of rising stock prices |
| buying on margin | Borrowing money to buy stock—only works if prices continually rise |
| stock market | The place where shares of a company are bought and sold |
| stock | A share in the ownership of a company, that can be bought or sold |
| Imperialism | policy to extend political, military, and economic control over weaker territories |
| Extractive economy | a territory that powerful countries use to remove valuable raw materials |
| 3 factors of Imperialism | Military Strength, Economic Expansion, Superiority (exceptionalism) |
| Alfred T. Mahan | military historian that said the United States needed a strong navy in order to protect its interests around the world |
| Social Darwinism | the belief that only the strongest countries will survive and the rest will be fall under their control |
| Frederick Jackson Turner | historian that said the United States needed to expand its territory overseas since their was no more unsettled frontier |
| Nationalism | people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries |
| Annex (Annexation) | to add (an area or region) to a country, state, etc. : to take control of (a territory or place) |
| Manifest Destiny | belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was God given right and both justified and inevitable |
| Philippines | Pacific Island country once controlled by Spain and later by the United States. The location of the first battle of the Spanish American War |
| Spanish American War | Conflict between Spain and U.S. over the freedom of Cuba. The U.S. victory led to an expansion of territory throughout the Pacific and Caribbean |
| Anti-imperialist | Those opposed imperialism, and America’s new role in the world |
| Open Door Policy | the idea that the United States thought that no country should have any advantage over another and that trade in China should be totally equal, gave access to millions of consumers in China |
| Big Stick Diplomacy | Teddy Roosevelt's plan for using the American military to bully or threaten weaker nations to achieve America’s foreign policy goals |
| Roosevelt Corollary | TR’s strengthening of the Monroe Doctrine by claiming to be the police power of the western hemisphere to protect its American interests and political stability |
| Dollar Diplomacy | Taft's plan for using American investment in foreign nations' economies instead of using the military to achieve American political and economic goals |
| Dollar Diplomacy | Substituting dollars for bullets. Increasing economic investment to obtain influence in Central America |
| Panama Canal | a waterway constructed by the United States that improved movement between Atlantic and Pacific ports |
| Francis Ferdinand | Archduke of Austria-Hungary that was assassinated to start WWI |
| militarism | pride in or glorifying the military |
| alliance | a union between people, groups, countries, etc. : a relationship in which people agree to work together |
| Central Power Countries | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire |
| Allied Power Countries | Britain, France, Russia, United States, Serbia |
| Stalemate | when a battle or war becomes equal and neither side has an advantage |
| neutrality | America’s policy before entering WWI |
| preparedness | Movement to get ready for the war before America actually declared war |
| Great War | The original name for WWI. It was thought to be the war to end all wars. |
| Lusitania | British passenger ship carrying American and British civilians that was sunk by a German u-boat |
| Zimmerman Note (Telegram) | telegram from Germany to Mexico to try to persuade Mexico to attack the US in return for land if Germany won the war |
| Selective service act | the law that required men to register for the military draft |
| Sedition Act | law that allowed Congress to limit free speech about the government, Constitution, or military |
| Suffrage | The right to vote, earned by women after the participation in the war effort |
| Great Migration | the movement of African Americans to the North for better job opportunities and less violence |
| Wilson’s 14 Points | President Wilson's ideas for how to create a lasting peace in Europe |
| Self-determination | the ability for a group of people to have their own country and choose their own government |
| League of Nations | Organization of countries put together to help prevent future war through the use of diplomacy. Later evolved into the United Nations |
| reparations | financial payments for war damages |
| Treaty of Versailles (Versailles Treaty) | Ended WWI and was a leading cause of WWII |
