| A | B |
|---|
| Federalists | a political party that believed in a strong national government and commercial economy, led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams, and supported by bankers and business interests in the Northeast |
| cotton gin | invented by Eli Whitney in 1794, a tool that made production of cotton much faster and more profitable, leading to the spread of slavery |
| Bank of the United States | established to be responsible for the finances of the United States; highly opposed by westerners and farmers, source of contention between parties in the early 1800s until Andrew Jackson did away with it in 1836 |
| Jay Treaty | an agreement in 1794 between the United States and Britain that established a limited trade relationship between the two countries, and settled boundary disputes after the end of the American Revolution |
| Manifest Destiny | the belief that it was God's plan for America to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific; used to gain political support for territorial expansion |
| Trail of Tears | several American Indian tribes were forcibly relocated from their ancestral homelands in Atlantic coastal states to Oklahoma, following the Indian Removal Act of 1830 |
| Indian Removal Act | law passed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830 that led to the forcible removal of tens of thousands of Indians from the homelands |
| secession | formal separation from an alliance or federation |
| sectionalism | excessive concern for the interests of one group or area, possibly to the detriment of the whole group |
| Whig Party | a political party formed in the 1830s in opposition to President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party; believed in the supremacy of Congress over the president |
| Know Nothing Party | a political party formed in the 1850s in opposition to the Democratic Party; organized in opposition to immigrant and Catholic forces within the United States |
| Panic of 1837 | financial crisis in the United States during Andrew Jackson's presidency with low wages and high unemployment, which led to a recession that lasted through the 1840s |
| protective tariff | taxes enacted during the mid 1800s to protect Northern manufactured goods from foreign competition |
| popular sovereignty | a pre-Civil War doctrine asserting the right of the people living in a newly organized territory to decide by vote of their legislature whether or not slavery would be allowed there |
| nullification | the refusal by a state government to allow application of a section of federal law |
| abolition | the ending of the practice of slavery |
| Fugitive Slave Act | part of the Compromise of 1850, stated that all runaway slaves, when captured, were to be returned to their masters |
| Louisiana Purchase | Thomas Jefferson's purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803, which doubled the size of the United States |
| Monroe Doctrine | foreign policy of the United States beginning in 1823 which stated that the American continents should not be considered for future colonization by any European powers |
| Democratic-Republicans | a political party that believed in a weak national government and an agricultural economy, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, and supported by farmers, artisans and frontier settlers in the South |
