| A | B |
|---|
| Direct Democracy | A government in which citizens rule directly rather than through representatives |
| Aristocracy | A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility. |
| Republic | a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders who are elected by the people. |
| Philosopher | thinkers who use logic and reason to investigate the nature of the universe, human society, and morality |
| Plato | student of Socrates who was influenced by his teacher's unjust death. He believed society should not be governed by the richest. |
| Socrates | Philosopher that developed the Socratice method: a question and answer approach to stimulate thinking. Lived during the Peloponesian War when Athens was declining. (Social critic) |
| Aristotle | Philosopher student of Plato and teach of Alexander the Great. Believed people were born evil because they were not educated. Believes education is everything. |
| Solon | Is known as one of the seven wise men of Greece. He began a series of political reforms that greatly increased citizen participation in Athenian government. |
| Cleisthenes | Athenian leader, he worked toward making Athens a full democracy by reorganizing the assembly. He wanted to break up the power of the nobility. |
| Pericles | Strengthened Greek democracy by increasing the number of paid public officials by paying jurors. |
| Judaism | the monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus begun in the first century AD |
| Islam | a monotheistic religion that developed in Arabia in the seventh century AD |
| Ten Commandments | the written law code followed by Jews and Christians given by God to Moses around 1200 BC |
| Roman Catholic Church | The Christian church that developed in 1054 AD |
| Renaissance | A period of European history lasting from about 1300 to 1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world. |
| Reformation | A 16th century movement for religious reform leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the Popes authority |
| Johan Gutenberg | He invented the movable printing press |
| Martin Luther | In 1505 he became a monk, from 1512 until his death he taught scripture at the university of Wittenberg in the German state of Saxony. All he wanted to be is a good Christian, not to lead a religious revolution |
| monarchy | a government in which power is in the hands of a single person |
| Henry VII | Became King in 1509, he was young and intelligent, he also loved sports, literature, music, and food. |
| Mohammad | Founder of Islam, his teachings are written in the Koran |
| Moses | He was a diplomat, lawmaker, political organizer, military leader, aw well as a judge and a religious leader |
| Abraham | In the Torah God chose Abraham to be the "Father" or ancestor of the Hebrew people |
| Jesus Christ | he stressed the importance of people's love for God, their neighbors, their enemies, and themselves. He is the "son of God." |
| Protestants | Those who wanted to reform the Catholic Church |
| Magna Carta | A document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, written by nobles and approved by king John in AD 1215 |
| Parliament | a body of representatives that makes laws for a nation |
| Divine Right | the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God |
| English Bill of Rights | Accepted by William and Mary from Parliament. Limited the power of hte monarchy and protected free speech |
| English Civil War | a conflict lasting from 1642 to 1649 in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy |
| Glorious Revolution | the bloodless overthrow of the English King James II and his replacement by William and Mary |
| Senate | in ancient Rome the Supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrats |
| Jury trial | jury duty was one of the most important civic functions of a citizen of Athens |
| Common Law | the body of English law that reflected customs and principles established over time rather than the will of a ruler or lawmaker. |
| constitutional monarchy | a monarchy in which the ruler's power is limited by law |
| William and Mary | crowned co-rulers of England in 1689 (Glorious Revolution). Under their rule, England was now a constitutional monarchy |
| power of the purse | parliament has control of government spending |
| King John | unpopular king who fought costly unsuccessful war with France. Tried to raise taxes to pay for it. This led to conflict between him and English nobles. In 1215 English Nobles rebelled against him and forced him to sign Magna Carta |
| city-state (polis) | an independent or autonomous state not ruled over as part of another local government |
| Oliver Cromwell | anti-royalist commander and Puritan leader who won control after English Civil War. Established a republic called the Common Wealth of England. 1653-created a government called the Protectorate. Named himself Lord Protector. In effect, he became a military dictator. He was extremely unpopular. |
