| A | B |
|---|
| Chisholm Trail | cattle trail that began in Texas and went to Abilene, Kansas used for 20 years |
| frontier | any new or unexplored area |
| pioneer | a person who is the first or among the first to explore or settle a region |
| trail | a path marked to show a route through a wilderness region |
| Gold Rush | a large-scale and hasty movement of people to a region where gold had been discovered (California in 1849) |
| forty-niner | a gold seeker who went to California in 1849 |
| Manifest Destiny | the belief that the certain future of the United States was to Stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean |
| hardship | a difficulty; something that causes pain or loss |
| Louis and Clark | these explorers, of the Louisian Purchase, started in Missouri in 1804,traveled the Missouri River, crossed the Rocky Mountains, canoed down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean in Portland Oregon. |
| California Gold Rush | In 1849, many people traveled to California to make their fortune by searching for gold |
| Trail of Tears | In 1838, 12,000 Native Americans were kicked out of their land in Georgia and forced to march to land west of the Mississippi.Many died from disease, fatique, and exposure. Many who didn't cooperate were forced into unsanitary camps and also died |
| Pony Express | 2,000 mile delivery system of mail |
| telegraph | Sent messages along wires using electricity |
| Samuel Morse | developed the Morse Code used to send telegraph messages |
| Transcontinental Railroad | built to connect the East and West of the United States |
| Promontory Point, Utah | site where the two railroad lines met; marked by a golden spike |
| Homestead Act | government promised pioneers free land |
| sodbuster | farmer of the Great Plain |
| Native Americans | culture of people relocated to make way for the white settlers |
| buffalo | greatest resource of the Native American |
| barbed wire | used to keep buffalo/cattle from water sources and off of farmland |
| reservations | areas of land where Native Americans were forced to lived |
| cowboys | used to move cattle to the North |
| blizzards, hailstorms, droughts, insects, grasshoppers, snakes, pests | hazards of the new pioneers |
