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| What kind of propagation do ocean waves have? Whats their restoring force? | Orbital- occurs in both liquid or gas. (aspects of both longitudinal and transverse) and restored by gravity. |
| Name three wave propagations and what they 'occur' in? And an Example of each and their 'restoring force'? | Transverse- Occurs in solid medium. Ex- S-waves from earthquakes and 'shear stress' provides 'restoring force'/ Longitudinal- Occurs in solid liquid or gas. Ex- Soundwaves and 'restoring force' is Pressure./ Orbital- Occurs in liquid or gas(aspects of both long. and trans.). Ex- Ocean waves and 'restoring force' if gravity. |
| Positions in 'time' of a wave? | Period and Frequency |
| Name three generating forces and two restoring forces. | Wind, Earthquakes, and gravitational pull of the sun and moon/ Two Restoring forces are, Gravity and Pressure. |
| What provides 'Orbital Propagation" in an ocean wave? | The balance between generating force and the restoring force produces orbital propagation. |
| What are deep water waves generated by? Name 3 Characteristics. | Wind/ Travel in water that is deeper than 1/2 their wavelength, wave base extends to ½ wavelength, and celerity is proportional to wavelength. |
| As long as you know the _____ of a wave then you can always find its ______ and ________. | Period/ Speed and Wavelength. |
| What are shallow water waves generated by? Name three Characteristics. | Seismic disturbance, tidal forces, and landslides./ shallow water waves travel through water that is less than 1/20 of their wavelength, wave base extends to ocean bottom, and celerity is proportional to depth. |
| Describe how a deep water wave is generated by wind. | Develop from capillary waves with small L (1 cm) where surface tension is restoring force to gravity waves with much larger L (10 m) where gravity is restoring force./ |
| What determines the height, wavelength and speed of a wave? | Wind strength, Wind duration, and Fetch. |
| Where are wave heights highest? Why? | Southern Ocean/ Because wind speed and fetch are highest. Mainly fetch. |
| What two forms of energy are waves contained in? Give relation to.. | Potential energy- relation to wave height/ kinetic energy- relation to wave speed. |
| (T/F) Energy is conserved in 'deepwater' and is lost in shallow water near the shore. | True. |
| (True/False) Celerity is related to Period. | True |
| (T/F) Long period waves are faster than short period waves. | True |
| What are wave trains called that make their way to shore? | Swell |
| A key consequence of dispersion is that the __________ of the deepwater waves making up the train is _______ than the speed of the individual waves in the train./ Propagating at a speed that is ___________ | Group speed/ Less.../ half the individual wave speed. |
| What type of waves are produced in bays, or coves? Why? What about Point breaks? why? | Small waves, because waves are dispersed over larger area and coves are deeper than surrounding water./ Point breaks produce large waves, because the waves are concentrated to a point, because of the shallow water. |
| Why does a wave come to break? | because its steepness reaches a maximum over 1/7th |
| What is another name for wave height? | Tidal range |
| (T/F) Tides are deep water waves. | False |
| What does high water and low water refer to? | crest and trough |
| What generates tides? | Gravitational and Centripetal forces |
| What is gravitational force directly and inversely proportional to? | Directly proportional to the product of masses and inversely proportional to the objects distances. |
| What is the difference between 'nadar' and 'zenith'? And where is the magnitude of fore the strongest? what percentage larger? | Nadar- refers to the point on earth that is furthest from the moon/ zenith- point on earth that is closest to the moon. / strongest at Zenith by 7%. |
| (T/F) Gravitational force varies over the surface of the earth in both magnitude and direction. | True |
| What does tdial force result from? | The difference between centripetal and gravitational forces |
| What does an 'ideal tidal pattern' look like? | 2 highs and 2 lows, semidirunal tide pattern. |
| How many days does it take for the moon to rotate around the earth? And how long is a lunar day? | 29.5 days/ Lunar day= 24 hrs and 50 mins. |
| (T/F) The sun is 27 million times times more massive than the moon, but 390 times further away. | True |
| How much more greater is the moons tidal effects than the suns? why? | 2 times greater, because tidal forces are directly related the objects distances between one another, and moon is closer than the sun. |
| When the moon and sun are on the dame side or across from one another then what kind of tides are produced? What about when they are perpendicular? | Spring tides/ Neap tides. |
| When the moon is full or new what kind of tides are produced? | Spring tides. |
| Since celestial orbits are "Elliptical", the earths oceans have varying tidal ranges. Give the names of the tidal ranges that correspond to the position of the earth with the sun and moon. | High Tidal Range- Perigee(earth is closest to the moon) and Perihelion(earth is closest to the sun)/ Lowest Tidal Range- Apogee(Earth furthest from the moon), Aphelion(earth is farthest from the sun) |
| The moon has a declination of ____ with respect to the equator. | 28.5 degree's |
| What doesn't the Equilibrium Theory take into account about the tides? What Theory best explains tides? | The differences in high tides around an ocean basins, from presence of land and Coriolis effect. Dynamic Theory. |
| Which way does a tidal cell rotate around an 'amphidromic' cell in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere?/ What is the 'amphridromic' point? | Northern Hem- counterclockwise and clockwise in the southern hem./ amphidromic point- point where there is no tidal range. |
| Where in the world is their a tidal period of a bay that matches the tidal period of the open ocean? What kind of tide results from this? | Bay of Fundy/ Amplified Semi-diurnal tide. |
| What are regions called where tidal currents interact with bottom topography to create a whirlpool? | Maelstroms. |
| What is a tidal bores period defined by? | The length and depth of the basin. |
| What are the basic building blocks for life? And what are they formed from? | sugars, fatty acids, amino acids – were formed from H2O, CH4, NH3, H2 |
| Small, single celled with no nucleus to segregate genetic material from rest of cell. Are what? | Prokaryotes. |
| Early heterotrophs received energy through what?.. what about 'later hetertrophs? | Fermentation/ Aerobic respiration. |
| What are two names for organisms that can produce their own organic matter? | Autotrophs/ Primary producers. |
| Primary productivity is what? | The Use of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis to harness external energy source and create organic matter and oxygen from inorganic ingredients. |
| What form of respiration releases largest amount of energy and ultimately allowed for more abundant and more diverse life on the planet? | Aerobic |
| What the broadest classification of life? And what are they? | Domain/ Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archea. |
| Life based on the evolutionary relationship between ancestor organisms and descendants? | Phylogeny. |
| Taxonomy and morphology are apart of what classification system? | Linnaeun classification |
| What classification system is based on shared form, structures among organisms? | Linnaeun classification |
| Moner, Bacteria, and archea are single celled? Dothey have a nucleus or not? | Single celled, without nucleus. |
| (T/F) Protoctista are single celled with a nucleus. | True |
| (T/F) PLankton are swimmers and Nekton are floaters. | False |
| What adaptations must an organism produce in order to survive? (5) | Physical support, nutrient and waste support, hydration, oxygen uptake, and predator avoidance. |
| Do warm water or cold water organisms adapt appendages? why? | Warm water, because they would sink otherwise. |
| What process allows organisms to uptake and expel nutrients? And what makes this process more passive and easier? | Diffusion./ Higher surface area to Volume Ratio!! |
| Fish must regulate their hydration, The ionic composition of fishes cells are either in balance or not of the surrounding seawater... Describe the three. | Isotonic- Cells are in balance/ Hypertonic- Ionic composition greater than surrounding seawater/ Hypotonic- Ionic composition is Less than the surrounding seawater. |
| How do saltwater fish keep hydration?/ What process is used for this and what kind of tonic are they? | They drink copious amounts of water and excrete salt through their gills./ The process is diffusion, and saltwater fish are hypotonic. |
| What process drives water from fishes cells into seawater? | Osmosis. |
| What type of tonic are freshwater fish? Why?, How do they maintain hydration? | Hypertonic/ Because their cells have 'greater' ionic concentrations than surrounding water./ hydration= drinking very little water and retain salts by excreting copious urine. |
| What organisms are isotonic? | Sharks, Rays, and Zooplankton. |
| How much oxygen do organisms need to survive? And which processes do they use in order to receive it? | 4mg/L ... access oxygen through passive or active diffusion. |
| Name of organisms that cannot control their body temperature and (Another original name for them)? How do they keep warm? | Poikilotherms (fish and invertebrates)./ utilizing special proteins. |
| Seabirds and marine mammals that can control body temp very precisely are called what? Do they maintain a body temp. that is higher than the surrounding water? | Homeotherms./ Yes |
| Some fish and sharks can maintain higher temp than surrounding water are called what? What do they use to minimize heat loss? | Endotherms./ Use counter current heat exchange. |
| Habitat classification is based on _________ and __________. Both of which are related on _________ and __________. | Position in water column and distance from shore/ Availability of light and nutrients. |
| The term 'environment' refers to where in the ocean? | The position in the water column that an organism lives. |
| What environment has a higher density of resources and physical conditions? | The Benthic environment. |
| At which depth is the ocean environment very stable? | below 500 meters. |
| The oceans environment refers to which two areas? and what are they mainly classified by? | Pelagic and bethic/ both classified by where they are in the water column. |
| The term province is defined by what? Define the two provinces., and their subdivisions. | The distance that organisms are from land./ Neritic province- high tide line to ending edge of continental shelf, region on the seafloor is called 'subneritic'./ Oceanic province- Region beyond the continental shelf, and called 'sub-oceanic' if organism is benthic. |
| Which has a higher density of resources and physical conditions and higher exposure to predators, the Neritic or Oceanic? | Neritic. |
| What promotes more environmental variability in neritic environments compared to oceanic? | Temperature ranges. |
| What is the biozone defined by? | The depth at which an organism lives and its availability to light. |
| What color wavelengths are of maximum and minimum absorbency on the spectrum of Chlorophyll A? | Maximum- Blue and Red/ Minimum- Green and Yellow. |
| Region where light can penetrate is referred to as the? | Euphotic zone. |
| Name the biozones and the depths that they attribute to and the amount of light available at each zone. | Epi-pelagic(Epibenthic)= ranges from 0-200 meters and has abundant light for photosynthesis./ Meso-pelagic(Mesobenthic)= ranges from 200-1000 meters, contains little light and 'much' bioluminescence./ Bathy-pelagic= ranges from 1000 to 4000 m, contains no light, limited bioluminescence./ Abysso-pelagic= greater than 4000 m, contains no light, no bioluminescence. |
| With regards to the biozones of (Epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, and abysopelagic) what does the density of resources and degree of environmental variability look like? | Epipelagic- has highest density of resources and highest environmental variability., each biozone after it sequentially lower in each regard. |
| What percent of the suns energy is converted into phytoplankton biomass? | 2 percent. |
| What is the best equation to explain primary productivity through photosynthesis? What does it state? | The red field ratio/ Phytoplankton need 106 units of carbon dioxide, 16 units of nitrate, and 1 unit of phosphate to synthesize one unit of phytoplankton. |
| Depth where rate of primary productivity is balanced by rate of respiration? | Compensation depth |
| Highest available nutrients for photosynthesis occurs in what region and what season? Why? | Polar regions in the summer./ Polar region has weakest thermocline. |
| (T/F) The Temperate region has its phytoplankton blooms in the spring. | True |
| (T/F) An El Nino event can lower primary productivity by depressing the thermocline. | True |
| what does meroplanktonic mean? | Organism that have planktonic larval stage, benthic adulthood |
| Definition of sessile and motile? | sessile- attached to substrate/ motile- moving about on substrate. |
| (T/F) Benthic species are most diverse group of marine organisms. Making up 98% of cataloged marine species. | True. |
| (T/F) Most benthic species are located in the oceanic environment. | False/ Neritic. |
| Name the tidal lines and habitats names that are on a rocky shore line. | Supralitoral- region above higher high water/ Littoral- region between higher high water and lower low water/ Sub-littoral- below lower low water. |
| What are the organisms like in the supralittoral zone of rocky shores? W | Attached” but mobile shelled organisms that “graze. |
| How do the organisms in the "high tide" littoral zone of the rocky shore survive? are they motile? How do they eat? What about the "mid littoral tide"? And the low tide littoral zones? | Not motile, they are attached/ Eat by grazing and filter feeding./ Midlittoral tide- strongly attached and are filter feeders./ low tide littoral- motile and various feeding strategies. |
| Name the four feeding strategies along rocky shores and the region they are used in. | Grazing- from supra-littoral to hightide zone/ Scavenging- from supralittoral to sublittoral./ filter feeding- middle tide zone to sublittoral/ Carnivory- low tide zone to sub-littoral. |
| Tidal patterns control what near the shore for organisms? | Length of time exposed for dessication, length of time innundated for feeding, and length of time exposed to predation. |
| What is more prevalent in sandy shores that isnt in rocky shores? | Soft substrate, hard to attach to and oxygen in sand so desiccation isnt of much worry. |
| What part of the inter-tidal zone are ghost crabs found? Ghost shrimp? Bristle worm? Sand crabs and clams? | supralittoral/ Hightide littoral, filter feed/ Mid tide littoral./ Low tide littoral. |
| What are the feeding strategies for sandy shores? | Suspension feeding, deposit feeding and carnivory. |
| Prior to the 70's life was thought that most deep sea life was of _________. (________)/ What is its counterparts name and how does it eat and Is it an epifuana or infuana? | Meiofuana. (deposit feeding INFAUNA)/ ... Macrofuana, eats by filter feeding, deposit feeding and carnivory., And its BOTH epifuana and infuana. |
| Which is more diverse the meiofauna or the macrofauna? Which is more abundant? | Macrofauna more diverse, but meiofuana are more abundant. |
| What supports chemosynthetic bacteria? And what does the chemsynthesis process look like regarding to nutrients? | Hydrogen sulfides./ Takes energy rich inorganics and energy poor inorganics to create energy rich organics. |
| Name the zones of a coral reef and whether its sheltered or exposed. | sheltered side= reef flat, fringing reef and the lagoon branches./ Exposed side of reef= reef crest, buttress zone, and outer slope. |
| Name two Deep Sea Communities. | Meiofuana and Macrofuana. |
| What type of 'fuana' are vent communities and what are the organisms feeding styles? | Epifuana/ filter feeding clams, scavenging crabs and carnivorous fish. |
| (T/F) Vent communities have more organisms than meiofuana and macrofuana, and their biomass can be 500-1000 times more concentrated around a vent. | False/True |
| In order for an an autotrph to photosynthesize what needs to happen, what does it need? | Needs energy poor in-organics, co2, water, and solar. To create energy rich organics like sugars and oxygen. |
