| A | B |
|---|
| Catherine the Great | Empress and Enlightened despot of Russia |
| newspapers and novels | new works being published during the Enlightenment |
| coffee houses and salons | places to meet to discuss Enlightenment ideas |
| middle class | class that did not get its hands dirty |
| Hobbes and Locke | philosophers who wrote about the social contract |
| Rousseau and Montesquieu | French Enlightenment philosophers |
| Deism | Enlightenment theory that tried to look only at rational religious beliefs |
| Peter I the Great | Russian Tsar who signed a treaty with China |
| Old Believers | Russians who opposed Peter the Great's reform of the church |
| Pugachev's Revolt | peasant uprising during reign of Catherine the Great |
| Western European marriage pattern | late marriages, nuclear families |
| Russian serfs' marriage pattern | early marriages, extended families |
| putting out system | merchants had raw materials spun and woven at home |
| spinning jenny | machine to spin 6 or 8 threads at once |
| power loom | machine which used steam or water power to weave |
| steam engine | new power source in the 1700s |
| steel | material used to make durable machine parts |
| capitalism | economic system involving investment in the means of production |
| Louis XIV (14) | absolute monarch of France in the 1600s |
| Louis XVI (16) | king of France during the French Revolution (1700s) |
| nobility and clergy | tax exempt classes in France in 1788 |
| parlements | French legal courts |
| Parliament | English legislative body |
| salt tax | famous example of uneven French tax |
| feudal reaction | nobility trying to revive old payments from the peasants |
| bread riots | common activity of workers of Paris |
| Estates General | traditional legislative body in France before 1788 |
| First Estate | clergy |
| Second Estate | nobility |
| Third Estate | urban leaders (bourgeoisie) |
| bourgeoisie | another name for the French middle class |
| Bastille | Fortress/prison stormed by a crowd in Paris on July 14, 1789 |
| Great Fear | uprising of French peasants against the nobility |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | working document for National Constituent Assembly |
| National Constituent Assembly | body formed to write France's first constitution |
| Tennis Court Oaths | pledge of French representatives to write a Constitution |
| emigres | nobility who left France after the Revolution |
| Flight to Varennes | attempt of Louis XVI (16) to leave France |
| Declaration of Pilnitz | pledge of Austria and Prussia to protect the king of France |
| guillotine | new humane way of execution in France |
| regicide | killing a king |
| Committee for Public Safety | group that led the Reign of Terror |
| Thermidorian Reaction | return to more conservative government after the Reign of Terror |
| Directory | government set up by the Constitution of the Year III |
| Treaty of Campo Formio | document negotiated by Napoleon as a general |
| Consulate | 3-man rule following the Directory |
| Napoleonic Code | legal reforms of Consulate |
| Continental System | Napoleon's plan to unite the European Continent and isolate Britain |
| Napoleon's invasion of Russia | military campaign that led to the destruction of the French army |
| Elba | island where Napoleon was first exiled |
| Louis XVIII (18) | brother of Louis XVI (16) who regained the French throne after Napoleon |
| Congress of Vienna | gathering to decide the fate of Napoleon and government of Europe |
| 100 Days | Napoleon's attempt to regain power |
| St. Helena | island in the south Atlantic ocean where Napoleon died in exile |
| Waterloo | Napoleon's last disastrous battle |
