| A | B |
|---|
| axial skeleton | forms the central supporting axis of the body and includes skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column & thoracic cage |
| appendicular skeleton | everything else. Ha ha. Just kidding. The bones of the upper limb and pectoral girdle, and of the lower limb & pelvic girdle. |
| sesamoid bones | form within some tendons in response to strain |
| sutural (wormian) bones | slither slither slimy worms. extra bones in the skull that some people have. wormy. |
| articulated skeleton | held together by wires and rods |
| disarticulated bones | bones taken apart so you can study them in more detail |
| sutures | immovable joints that connect bones in the skull |
| cranial cavity | encloses the brain |
| orbits | eye sockets whirly whirly |
| sinuses | named for bones in which they occur (frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary). connected to nasal cavity, lined by mucous membrains and filled with air. Lighten the anterior part of the skull & act aas changers that add resonance to the voice. |
| foramina | conspicuous holes in the skull that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels |
| cranial bones | enclose the brain and form the cranium (braincase) |
| cranium | braincase |
| meninges | three membrains (ha ha ha I am so punny) that separate the brain tissue from the bones |
| dura mater | thickest and toughest of the meninges which is attached to cranium in a few places but not many |
| foramen magnum | opening in cranium where spinal cord meets brain. Hi Brain, how are you today? point of attachment for dura mater. |
| clavaria | skullcap - dome of the top of the ksull. COmposed of parts of multiple bones that form the roof & walls of the skull. |
| base (floor) | bottom of cranial cavity, which exhibits three paired depressions called cranial fossae |
| cranial fossae | 3 pairs of these depressions are on the bottom of the skull |
| anterior cranial fossa | crescent shaped and holds the frontal lobes of the brain. (p.s. in Latin , fossa means ditch) |
| middle cranial fossa | deeper, shaped like outstretched bird wings and holds the temporal lobes |
| posterior cranial fossa | deepest and holds the cerebellum, a large part of the rear brain |
| cranial bones | there are 8: frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid |
| frontal bone | extends from forehead back to prominent coronal structure |
| coronal structure | prominent lump that crosses head from right to left and joins frontal to parietal bones |
| supraorbital margin | a deep ridge for eyebrows in the frontal bone |
| supraorbital foramen | perforates the supraorbital margin and gives passage to veins or nerves |
| supraorbital notch | in some people (not all, luckily), the edge of the foramen breaks through the margins of the orbit and makes a notch. Natch. |
| glabella | smooth area of the frontal bone just above the nose root |
| parietal bones | form most of the cranial roof and part of its walls. Each bordered by 4 sutures that join it to neighbor bones - sagittal, coronal, lanbdoid, squamous. (ps in Latin, "parietis" means wall). Small wormian bones often slither along the sagittal and lambdoid sutures like little islands of bone with suture lines passing around them. |
| parietal foramen | sometimes occurs near corner of labmdoid and sagittal sutures. |
| temporal lines | a pair of slight thickenings, the superior and inferior temporal lines, form an arc across the parietal & frontal bones where the big fan-shaped temporalis muscle is attached - for chewing chomp chomp |
| temporal bone | forms the lower wall and part of the floor of the cranial cavity (you can feel it in your TEMPles) It has a complex shape with 4 parts: squamous, tympanic, mastoid and petrous. |
| squamous part | of the temporal bone - flat and vertical (under your temple); circled by squamous suture. has a zygomatic process and mandibular fossa |
| zygomatic process | extends in front to form part of the zygomatic arch (cheekbone) |
| mandibular fossa | depression where mandible articulates with cranium (the jawbone's connected to the....skull bone...) |
| tympanic part | of the temporal bone - small ring of bone that surrouds the external acoustic meatus (ear canal opening). Includes styloid process. |
| styloid process | point spine on inside surface of tympanic part of temporal bone which is where muscles of the tongue, larynx and hyoid bone connect |
| mastoid part of temporal bone | behind tympanic. Has heavy mastoid process and filled with little air sinuses that communicate with middle ear cavity. These sinuses can get infected which can erode bone & infect brain. Mastoid notch lies medial to mastoid process and is perforated by the stylomastoid formamen on the anterior end and the mastoid foramen on the posterior end |
| .mastoid process | lumpity lump behind ear lobe with lots of little easily infectable sinuses |
| mastoid notch | where digastric muscle originates, without which one would not be able to open one's mouth. |
| petrous part | of the temporal bone |
| petrous part | in the cranial floor, it looks like a little mountain range separating the medial from the posterior cranial fossae. It holds the middle & inner ear cavities. |
| inner acoustic meatus | an openin on the posteromedial surface of the petrous part allows passage of the vestibulocochlear nerve |
| vestibulocochlear nerve | carries signals for hearing and balance from inner ear to the brain |
| carotid canal | passage for the internal carotid artery in the petrous part |
| jugular foramen | large irregular opening medial to styloid process where blood from the brain drains into the jugular vein of the neck, plus there are 3 cranial nerves here |
| occipital bone | forms the rear and much of the base of the skull |
| basilar part | of the occipital bone; a thick medial plate |
| occipital condyle | smooth knob on either side of the foramen magnum where skill rests on the vertebral column |
| hypoglossal canal | named for hypoglossal nerve (for tongue muscles) |
| condylar canal | some people have one behind each occipital condyle |
| external occipital protuberance | lump where the nuchal ligament attaches (binds skull to vertebral column) |
| nuchal ligament | binds skull to vertebral column |
| superior nuchal line | ridge that can be traced horizontally from the protuberance to the mastoid process which defines the upper limit of the neck and is where several neck & back muscles attach to the skull, forms the boundary between muscle and bone in upper neck. |
| inferior nuchal line | attachment for some of the deep neck muscle. |
| sphenoid bone | complex shape with thick median body and greater and lesser wings which make it look like a raggedy moth |
| optic canal | passage of optic nerve and ophthalmic artery |
| anterior clinoid processes | pair of bony spines of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone which guard the optic foramina |
| superior orbital fissure | gash in the posterior wall of the orbit, which gives passage for 3 nearves that supply muscles of eye movement |
| sella turcica | saddlelike feature on surface of sphenoid bone which contains hypophyseal fossa and tuberculum sellae and dorsum sellae. The dura mater stretches over it |
| hypophyseal fossa | deep pit where pituitary gland lives |
| tuberculum sellae | raised anterior line of sella turcica |
| dorsum sellae | posterior margin of sella turcica |
| foramen rotundum | perforates sphenoid bone; passage for trigeminal nerve |
| foramen ovale | perforates sphenoid bone; passage for trigeminal nerve |
| foramen spinosum | really skinny - like a pencil lead in diameter, passage for artery of the meninges |
| foramen lacerum | irregular gash at the junction of sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones which is filled with cartilage and holds no vessels or nerves |
| posterior nasal apertures (choanae) | internal openings of nasal canal |
| medial & lateral pterygoid plates | next to the choanae and each plate has a narrower inferior extension called the pterygoid process |
| pterygoid process | narrow inferior extension from each of the medial and lateral pterygoid plates which provide attachment for jaw muscles |
| ethmoid bone | between the eyes, very porous & delicate with 3 parts: vertical perpendicular plate, horizontal cribriform plate, and labyrinth |
| vertical perpendicular plate | of ethmoid which forms upper 2/3 of nasal septum. |
| nasal fossae | right and left air spaces of nasal cavity divided by the septum. |
| cribriform plate | forms roof of nasal cavity |
| crista galli | median blade of cribriform plate, where dura mater attaches |
| cribriform (olfactory) foramina | of cribriform page - long depressed area perforated with many holes which hold olfactory bulbs of the brain and allow passage for olfactory nerves from nasal cavity to bulbs |
| labyrinth | huge mass on each side of the perpendicular part of the cribriform plate, containing a maze of air spaces called ethmoidal cells which all together form the ethmoid sinus. The side is a smooth, concave orbital pate, the medical surface has 2 curly scrolly plates called conchae. |
| superior and middle nasal conchae | curled, scroll-like plates of bone that project into the nasal fossa from its lateral wall to the septum |
| facial bones | sit in front of cranial cavity, support orbital, nasal and oral cavities, shape the face and are where muscles of face and chewing attach. There are 14: (2) maxillae, (2) palatine, (2) zygomatic, (2) lacrimal, (2) nasal, (2) inferior nasal conchae, (1) vomer, (1) mandible |
| maxillae | largest facial bones forming upper jaw |
| intermaxillary suture | where maxillae meet |
| alveolar processes | small points of maxillary bone that grow into spaces between bases of teeth |
| alveolus | deep socket in which the root of each tooth is inserted |
| infra-orbital foramen | passage for blood vessels to face and nerve that gets info from nasal area and acheeck |
| inferior orbital fissure | gash that angles downward and medially in the floor of the orbit - passage for blood vessels and nerves from the face |
| palate | forms roof of mouth & floor of nasal cavity with hard palate in front & soft palate in back |
| palatine processes | horizontal extensions of the maxillae |
| incisive foramina | behind incisors |
| cleft palate | when palatine processes fail to meet at the intermaxillary suture |
| palatine bones | in posterior nasal cavity. L shape formed by horizontal plate & perpendicular plate (which forms part of the wall between the nasal cavity & orbit). |
| greater palatine foramen | nerve passage to palate |
| zygomatic bones | form the angles of the cheeks; extend about halfway to ear. Has inverted T shape and a zygomaticofacial foramen |
| zygomaticofacial foramen | near intersection of stem & crossbar of T of zygomatic bones |
| zygomatic arch | formed by zygomatic gone, temporal bone & maxilla |
| lacrimal bones | form art of the medial wall of each orbit. Smallest bones in skull, size of little fingernail. |
| lacrimal fossa | depression holding tear sac (lacrimal sac) |
| nasal bones | small, rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose & attaching cartilage of nose |
| inferior nasal concha | largest ethmoid bone in nasal cavity; separate bone from the other 2 nasal conchae |
| vomer | forms the bottom half of the nasal septum (plowshare) |
| mandible | strongest bone of skull - only one that can move. Supports lower teeth and attachment for jaw & face muscles. Horizontal part is the "body," the vertical to oblique rear part is the "ramus" and these 2 parts meet at the "angle." |
| mental symphysis | median cartilaginous joint which joins the 2 halves of the mandible at the chin (menta is "chin" in Latin) |
| mental protuberance | pointy part of chin |
| mental spins | small points on inner part of mandible on inner surface where certain chin muscles attach |
| mental foramen | for passage of nerves and blood vessels to chin |
| condylar process | back branch of the ramus on the mandible and holds the mandibular condyle |
| mandibular condyle | oval knob that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone |
| temporomandibular joint (TMJ) | the hinge where the temporal bone and the mandibular condyle meet |
| coronoid process | front branch of the ramus on the mandible, where the temporalis muscle, which pulls jaw up when you bit |
| mandibular notch | U-shaped arch between the condylar and coronoid processes |
| mandibular foramen | below notch on medial surface of ramus; for nerves & blood vessels of lower teeth |
| auditory ossicles | ear bones |
| malleus | hammer (ear bone) |
| incus | anvil (ear bone) |
| stapes | stirrup (ear bone) |
| hyoid bone | slender U-shaped bone between chin & larynx. It does not articulate with any other bone but is suspended like a hammock from the styloid processes of the skull by stylohyoid musles & ligaments. It has a main body and flanked by greater & lesser horns (cornua) |
| fontanels | spaces between unfused cranial bones in babies - anterior, posterior, sphenoid (anterolateral) and mastoid (posterlateral). They ossify by the time the baby is 1, usually. |
| metopic suture | a suture that sometimes persists after fusion of frontal bones |
| vertebral column | spine |
| vertebrae | there are 33 with intervertebral discs of cartilage between them - cervical, thoracic, lumbar & pelvic |
| centrum (body) | main part of a vertebra - mass of spongy bone and red bone marrow covered with thin shell of compact bone which is the weight-bearing part of the bone |
| vertebral foramn | triangular space beneath each vertabra's body which together form the vertebral canal |
| vertebral canal | passage for the spinal cord formed by all the vertebra foramina |
| vertebral arch | one on each side of the vertebral foramen, with a pillar-like pedicle and plate-like lamina on each side |
| pedicle | pillar-like bone of vertebral arch |
| lamina | plate-like bone in vertebral arch |
| spinous process | extends from the apex of the arch and goes backwards and downwards. A place to attach muscles and ligaments and ribs. |
| transverse process | extends laterally from the point where the pedicle and lamina meet. A place to attach muscles and ligaments and ribs. |
| superior articular processes | a pair of these projects up from one vertebra to meet similar part of inferior articular processes coming down from the one above. These restrict twisting of the spinal column. |
| intervertebral foramen | the space created when 2 vertebrae join which allows passage for spinal nerves. Each has an inferior vertebral notch in the pedicle of the upper vertebra and a superior vertebral notch in the pedicle of the lower one |
| intervertebral disc | cartilaginous pad located between the bodies of 2 vertebrae. Contains nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus |
| nucleus pulposus | inner gelatinous part of intervertebral disc |
| anulus fibrosus | ring of fibrocartilage that surrounds the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc |
| atlas | vertebra C1 - supports the head; has no body but on each side is a lateral mass with a deeply concave superior articular facit that attaches to the occipital condyle of the skull |
| inferior articular facets | flat facets that articulate C1 to C2, |
| lateral masses | connected by anterior arch and posterior arch, which have anterior and posterior tubercles (bumps) |
| axis | vertebra C2 - allows head to rotate. has prominent anterior knob called the dens (odontoid process) on the front top side. No other vertebra has a dens. It is held in place by a transverse ligament. It is the first vertebrae with a spinous process. |
| atlanto-occipital joint | where the atlas and the cranium articulate. |
| atlantoaxial joint | where atlas and axis articulate. |
| bifid | forked - like the spinous process on C2-C6. Provides attachmetn for nuchal ligament at back of the neck |
| transverse foramen | exists in all 7 cervical vertabrae - for vertebral arteries and veins and no other vertebrae have them. |
| thoracic vertebrae | 12 to attach the 12 pairs of ribs and support the rib cage. They have quite pointed spinous processes that angle sharply downward, a heart-shaped body that is bigger than cervicals but smaller than lumbars, body has smooth slightly concave spots called costal facets where the ribs attach; T1-T10 have shallowe cuplike transverse costal facet at the end of each transverse process. |
| inferior costal facet | where the rib connects from one vertebra to another |
| superior costal facet | where the rib connects from one vertebra to another |
| lumbar vertebrae | 5 (L1-L5) thick stout body and blunt, squarish spinous process for attachment of strong lumbar muscles. Superior processes face inward like hands about to clap and inferior processes face laterally, toward the superior processes of the next vertebra. |
| sacrum | bony plate the forms the posterior wall of pelvic gircle |
| sacral vertebrae | children have 5 which fuse between ages 16-26. |
| anterior sacral foramina | 4 pairs of large holes for nerves & arteries to go through |
| median sacral crest | ridge formed by fusing of the sacral vertebrae |
| lateral sacral crest | formed by fusion of transverse processes, less prominent, on either side of median crest. |
| posterior sacral foramina | 4 pairs of holes for nerves and arteries. |
| sacral canal | runs through sacrum and endsd in sacral hiatus. Contains spinal nerve roots |
| sacral hiatus | inferior opening of sacral canal |
| auricular suface | ear-shaped part on each side of sacrum that articulates with similar shaped surface of the ihp bone and forms the sacroiliac joint (S1) |
| sacroiliac joint | strong nearly immovable joint formed by auricular survace |
| sacral promotory | formed by the body of vertebra S1 and supports L5 |
| superior articular processes | S1 has a pair that articulate with L5 |
| alae | wing-like extensions on S1 that are lateral to the superior articular processes |
| coccygeal vertebrae | fuse by ages 20-30 to form the coccyx (tailbone, where muscles of pelvic floor attach |
| cornua | horns on vertebra Co1 which attach ligaments that bind coccyx to sacrum |
| thoracic cage | ribcage - consists of thoracic vertebrae, sternum & ribs |
| costal margin | arc of lower ribs forming the bottom border of the rib cage |
| sternum | bony plate in front of the heart which has 3 parts : manubrium, body and xiphoid process |
| manubrium | broad upper part of sternum, like knot in necktie; lies around T3-T4 |
| suprasternal (jugular) notch | in the middle part of the manubrium of the sternum |
| clavicular notches | where manubrium of sternum articulates with clavicles |
| body (gladiolus) | longest part of sternum at level T5-T9. Where 2nd rib attaches. |
| xiphoid process | small pointed part on bottom of sternum where abdominal muscles attach |
| ribs | 12 pairs, each attached at posterior end to spinal column & most anteriorly to the sternum |
| costal cartilage | how the ribs attach to the sternum |
| rib 1 | has weird knobby head; attaches just below base of neck; short, flat C-shaped pate of bone. Knobby head attaches to vertebra. Narrow to a nci and the widens atain to form the tubercle, which attaches to the vertebra/ Tje ot f;attems amd wodems omtp a b;ade;ole sjaft. wjoj emds om a sqiared pff area/ |
| ribs 2-7 | head, neck and tubercle at proximal end; wedge shaped head inserts between 2 vertebrae. Each margin of the wedge has a smooth surface called "articular facet" which is where it articulates wit th the costal facets on the vertebrae. Called "True Ribs" |
| articular facet | smooth surface on the edge of the wedge of ribs 2-7 |
| angle | sharp curve of rib around the chest |
| shaft | rest of bony blade of rib distal to the angle |
| costal groove | marks the path of the intercostal blood vessels and nerve on ribs 2-7 |
| true ribs | Ribs 1-7 because they attach to the sternum |
| false ribs | Ribs 8-12 because they have no cartilaginous connection to the sternum |
| floating ribs | ribs 11 & 12 because they are merely embedded in lumbar muscles - they articulart wit hbodies of vertebrate T11 & T12, but they lack tubercles and do not attach to the transverse processes of these vertebrae, which thave no transverse costal facets eitehr |
| pectoral girdle | shoulder girdle - supports the arm and links it to the axial skeleton; formed by clavicle and scapula |
| clavicle | collarbone |
| scapula | shoulder blade |
| sternoclavicular joint | where the medial end of the clavicle attaches to the sternum |
| acromioclavicular joint | where the lateral end of the clavicle attaches to the scapula |
| glenohumeral joint | where the scapula articulates with the humerus |
