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Java Games: Flashcards, matching, concentration, and word search. |
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| Grammatical-free (morpheme) | Prepositions, articles, conjunctions etc- "at, the, an, but, and, or, in, more" |
| Bound (attached) Inflectional | "-s,-'s-,-er,-est,-s,-ed,-en,-ing |
| Bound derivational | -ish,-ize,-al,-ible,-able,-ly,-ic,-ful,dis-,anti-,un-,-er,-ate,-hood,-dom, post-,pre- |
| Free Lexical | noun, verbs, adjectives, adverbs |
| Lexical bound | -vert,-ert,-ject,-clude,-ieves |
| How do you know it's a verb? | V-s,V-ed,V-ing,V-en, V-ize, un-, |
| How do you know it's an Adj? | More, most,-er,-est-can be intensified i.e. "very,quite" |
| How do you know it's an adverb | Ends with: -ly,-wise, -ward |
| Invention | One of the least common processes of word-formation in English,That is the invitation of totally new terms. The most typical sources are invented trade names for one company's product which become general terms.Kleenex, Xerox, Zipper,nylon,asprin. |
| Compound | In linguistics, the process of combining two words (free morphemes) to create a new word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective).are written sometimes as one word (sunglasses), sometimes as two hyphenated words (life-threatening), and sometimes as two separate words (football stadium). |
| Acronyms | A word formed from the initial letters of a name (for example, NATO, from North Atlantic Treaty Organization) or by combining initial letters of a series of words (radar, from radio detection and ranging). |
| Blends | A word formed by merging the sounds and meanings of two or more other words or word parts. is a full word followed by a word part (called a splinter), as in motorcade (motor + cavalcade). Or Smog=Smoky, fog |
| Initialisms | An abbreviation that consists of the first letter or letters of words in a phrase. Unlike acronyms, initialisms are not spoken as words; they are spoken letter by letter. Examples: ABC (American Broadcasting Company, Australian Broadcasting Corporation), ATM (Automatic Teller Machine), BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), |
| functional shift | occurs when an existing word takes on a new syntactic function. For example, the word like, formerly only used as a preposition in comparisons (as in "eats like a pig"), is now also used in the same way as the subordinating conjunction as in many dialects of English (as in "sounds like he means it"). |
| clipping (shortening) | In morphology, a word formed by dropping one or more syllables from a polysyllabic word, such as cell from cellular phone.s especially popular in the speech of students, where it has yielded forms like prof for professor, phys-ed for physical education, poli-sci for political science, and burger for hamburger. |
| Borrowing | A word from one language that has been adapted for use in another. The English language has been described by David Crystal as an "insatiable borrower." More than 120 other languages have served as sources for the contemporary vocabulary of English. For example: hors d'oeuvre is French |
| Eponyms | A word that is derived from the proper name of a real or mythical person or place. For example, sandwich: named after John Montagu, the Fourth Earl of Sandwich (1718–1792), a British politician. |
| nouns | is a member of a syntactic class that includes words which refer to people, places, things, ideas, or concepts whose members may act as any of the following: subjects of the verb, objects of the verb, indirect object of the verb, or object of a preposition (or postposition), |
| verbs | is a member of the syntactic class of words that typically signal events and actions constitute, singly or in a phrase, a minimal predicate in a clause govern the number and types of other constituents which may occur in the clause, |
| Adjective | is a 'describing' word; the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified |
| Adverb | The part of speech (or word class) that is primarily used to modify a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Adverbs can also modify prepositional phrases, subordinate clauses, and complete sentences.modifies an adjective ("quite sad") or another adverb ("very carelessly") appears immediately in front of the word it modifies. An adverb that modifies a verb is generally more flexible: it may appear before or after the verb it modifies |
| Pronouns | A word (one of the traditional parts of speech) that takes the place of a noun, noun phrase, or noun clause.can function as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence. Unlike nouns, pronouns rarely allow modification.(He, she, it, I, I'm, we've...) |
| personal pronoun | A pronoun that refers to a particular person, group, or thing. Like all pronouns, personal pronouns can take the place of nouns and noun phrases. These are the personal pronouns in English: First-person singular: I (subject); me (object) First-person plural: we (subject); us (object) Second-person singular and plural: you (subject and object)...etc |
| indefinitie pronoun | A pronoun that refers to an unspecified person or thing. Indefinite pronouns include quantifiers (some, any, enough, several, many, much); universals (all, both, every, each); and partitives (any, anyone, anybody, either, neither, no, nobody, some, someone). Many of the indefinite pronouns can function as determiners. |
| Interrogative pronoun | A term in traditional grammar for a pronoun that introduces a question. The five interrogative pronouns in English are who, whom, whose, which, and what. |
| Relative Pronoun | A pronoun that introduces an adjective clause. The relative pronouns in English are which, that, who, whom, and whose. Who and whom refer only to people. Which refers to things, qualities, and ideas--never to people. That and whose refer to people, things, qualities, and ideas. |
| prepositions | links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition. A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples: The book is on the table. The book is beneath the table. The book is leaning against the table. The book is beside the table. She held the book over the table. She read the book during class. |
| conjunctions | is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses. (for, and, so, but, nor, yet...) "They ride bikes and skateboard" |
| determiners | are words like the, an, my, some. They are grammatically similar. They all come at the beginning of noun phrases, and usually we cannot use more than one determiner in the same noun phrase. "I need to pack 'an' apple for lunch" |
| auxilary verbs | such as will, shall, may, might, can, could, must, ought to, should, would, used to, need are used in conjunction with main verbs to express shades of time and mood. The combination of helping verbs with main verbs creates what are called verb phrases or verb strings. In the following sentence, "will have been" are helping or auxiliary verbs and "studying" is the main verb; the whole verb string is underlined: As of next August, I will have been studying chemistry for ten years. |
| auxiliary modals | The following verbs have all of the above properties, and can be classed as the principal modal verbs of English. They are listed here in present–preterite pairs where applicable: can and could may and might shall and should will and would must |
| count noun | s one that can be expressed in plural form, usually with an "s." For example, "cat—cats," "season—seasons," "student—students." |
| non-count | is one that usually cannot be expressed in a plural form. For example, "milk," "water," "air," "money," "food." Usually, you can't say, "He had many moneys." |
| attributive adjective | an adjective that comes before the noun that it is describing or qualifying. For example the following adjectives in the sentence below are attributive adjectives simply because they come before the nouns that they are describing: The angry man has broken the door. |
| predicative adjective | an adjective that comes after the noun that it is describing. You should take note of the fact that predicative adjectives although they come after the nouns they describe, have a verb that separates them from the noun. Let us take a look at some simple sentences containing predicative adjectives: The boys are happy because John visited them. (The adjective happy is describing the noun boys. I am excited. (The adjective excited is describing the pronoun ‘I’) |
| simple sentence | also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green. A. Some students like to study in the mornings. |
| compound sentence | contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. "I(sub) tried(verb)to speak English, and(coord) I(sub) tried(verb) to speak Spanish" |
| complex sentence | as an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. "When(coor) he(sub) handed(verb) in his homework,(comma,coord) he(sub) forgot(verb) to give the teacher the last page. |
| compound complex | A sentence with two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.The lightning flashed (independent clause) and the rain fell (independent clause) as he entered the house (dependent clause). |
| allomorph | this term is used in morphology to refer to predictable variant phonetic representations of a morpheme. FOr instance, the plural morpheme in English has three allomorphs: /-s-, /-z/, /-ez/, which occur in predictable enviroments |
| morphology | The branch of linguistics (and one of the major components of grammar) that studies word structures, especially in terms of morphemes. is primarily concerned with the internal structures of words) |
| morpheme | A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word (such as dog) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of dogs) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts. |
| affixes | A word element--a prefix, suffix, or infix--that can be attached to a base or root to form a new word. Affixes are bound morphemes. prefixes, occurring before the stem of a word, and suffixes, occurring after. English does not have affixes in large numbers--about fifty common prefixes and somewhat fewer common suffixes. Prefixes include dis-, mal-, ex-, and semi-, as in disinterested, malformed, ex-husband, and semi-detached. Suffixes include -ship, -ness, -ette, and -let, |
| Descriptive | the systematic study and description of a language. Descriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as it is actually used by speakers and writers. pecialists in descriptive grammar (called linguists) study the rules or patterns that underlie our use of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. |
| Prescriptive | refers to the structure of a language as certain people think it should be used.prescriptive grammarians (such as most editors and teachers) lay out rules about what they believe to be the “correct” or “incorrect” use of language. |
| assimilation | A general term in phonetics for the process by which a speech sound becomes similar or identical to a neighboring sound.Features of adjacent sounds may combine so that one of the sounds may not be pronounced. The nasal feature of the mn combination in hymn results in the loss of /n/ in this word |
| metathesis | The transposition within a word of letters, sounds, or syllables.Metathesis is what occurs when two sounds or syllables switch places in a word. This happens all the time in spoken language. FOr instance, Ask becomes axe |
| language as a system | human language is modality-independent. When used as a general concept, "language" may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication, or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems, or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules. All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs with particular meanings. Oral and sign languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes, and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances. Human language is unique because it has the properties of productivity, recursivity, and displacement, and because it relies entirely on social convention and learning. |
| arbitrariness | In linguistics, the absence of any natural or necessary connection between a word's meaning and its sound or form. Arbitrariness is one of the characteristics of all languages. Although there are some words that exhibit an apparent connection between sound and sense (see sound symbolism), such words are comparatively rare. |
| signifier | The signifier is the pointing finger, the word, the sound-image. A word is simply a jumble of letters. The pointing finger is not the star. It is in the interpretation of the signifier that meaning is created. |
| signified | The signified is the concept, the meaning, the thing indicated by the signifier. It need not be a 'real object' but is some referent to which the signifier refers. The thing signified is created in the perceiver and is internal to them. Whilst we share concepts, we do so via signifiers. Whilst the signifier is more stable, the signified varies between people and contexts. The signified does stabilize with habit, as the signifier cues thoughts and images. |
| coordinating conjunction | oin grammatically similar elements (two nouns, two verbs, two modifiers, two independent clauses): and or nor so but for yet |
| subprdinating conjunction | The subordinate conjunction has two jobs. First, it provides a necessary transition between the two ideas in the sentence. This transition will indicate a time, place, or cause and effect relationship. Here are some examples: Louisa will wash the sink full of her dirty dishes once her roommate Shane cleans his stubble and globs of shaving cream from the bathroom sink.after although as because before even if even though if in order that |
| correlative conjunctions | Either ... or, neither ... nor, and not only ... but also are all correlative conjunctions. They connect two equal grammatical items. If, for example, a noun follows either, then a noun will also follow or. |
| semantics | the branch of lingustics which systematically studies meaning, particularly word and sentence meaning. |
| anamalous | "odd" "doesn't make sense"- "colorless green ideas sleep furiously"-Chomsky |
| Idioms | can't deduce the meaning of a phrase by taking it literally. cannot be deduced from the literal meaning of each word. Idioms reside in speech communities within a culture. ex "shit hit the fan" |
| Conceptual metaphor | they define ____as figurative phrases that describe fundamental abstract concepts.. "time flies" is an example, They indicate motion, argument is war, "battle of witts", and love is a journey "we went our seperate ways" |
| literary metaphor | "life is a walking shadow" weird... |
| Ambiguity- Lexical | when multiple meanins of a word in a sentence cause the ambiguity. ex) we saw her duck, she can't bear children. |
| Ambiguity-syntactic | when the relationship between sentence parts causes the ambiguity. ex) I saw the guy with the binoculars. ex) the Spanish history teacher is having tea |
| difference betweem idiom and metaphor | A metaphor is defined as a figure of speech, or something that we use to replace "normal" words in order to help others understand or enjoy our message. For example, we use the phrase "a blanket of snow" to describe a snowfall that covers the ground evenly, as if the snow were a fabric. An idiom is a group of words which, when used together, has a different meaning from the one which the individual words have. For example: - How do you know about John's illness? - Oh, I heard it on the grapevine |
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Pacific Grove Middle School |
| Pacific Grove, CA |
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