| A | B |
|---|
| Functions of skeletal system | framework of the body; support and protect the internal organs; body movements; store calcium, formation of blood |
| Bone | form of connective tissue and is almost the hardest tissue in the body |
| Bone | capable of healing itself |
| Red bone marrow | located in the wpongy bone; is hematopoietic; manufactures RBC, hemoglobin, WBC, and megakaryocytes that produce thrombocytes |
| myel/o | either bone marrow or spinal cord |
| hematopoietic | pertaining to the formation of blood cells |
| hemat/o | blood |
| poietic | pertaining to formation |
| Yellow bone marrow | found in medullary cavity, is composed of fat cells and functions as a fat storage area |
| periosteum | tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone |
| peri | surrounding |
| oste | bone |
| Compact bone | hard, dense, and very strong bone that forms the outer layer of the bones |
| Spongy bone | lighter, commonly found in the ends and inner portions of long bones (Red bone marrow is in spongy bone) |
| Medullary Cavity | located in the shaft of a long bone and is surrounded by compact bone; is lined with endosteum and contains yellow bone marrow |
| cartilage | smooth, rubbery blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones |
| articular cartilage | covers the surfaces of bones that form joints to make smooth joint movement possible and to protect the bones from rubbing against each other |
| meniscus | curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints |
| diaphysis | shaft of a long bone |
| epiphysis | covered with articular cartilage; is the wide end of a long bone |
| proximal epiphysis | end of the bone that is located nearest to the midline of the body |
| distal epiphysis | end of the bone that is located farthest away from the midline |
| foramen | opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass |
| process | normal projection on the surface of a bone that serves as attachments for muscles and tendons |
| articulations | connections between bones |
| articulate | to join or come together in a manner that allows motion between the parts |
| ssuture | jagged line where bones join and form a joint that does not move |
| fontanel | soft spot; is where the sutures beteen the frontal and parietal bones have not yet closed |
| symphysis | cartilaginous joint; is where two bones join and are held firmly together so that they function as one bone |
| synovial joints | the movable joints of the body |
| ball and socket joints | synovial joints that allow a wide range of movement in many directions |
| hinge joints | synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane |
| ligament | band of bibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another bone |
| tendons | attach muscles to bones |
| bursa | fibrous sac lined with a synovial membrane and contains synovial fluid; acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction |
| # of bones in the human body | 206 |
| axial skeleton | 80 bones; protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems; consists of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum |
| appendicular skeleton | 126 bones; makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction; organized into the upper extremities and the lower extremities |
| cranium | portion of the skull that encloses the brain |
| crani | skull |
| frontal bone | forms the forehead |
| parietal bones | form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium |
| occipital bone | forms the posterior floor and walls of the cranium |
| temporal bones | form the sides and base of the cranium |
| sphenoid bone | forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit |
| orbit | bony socket that surrounds and protects the eyeball |
| ethmoid bone | forms part of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium |
| auditory ossicles | bones of the middle ear |
| external auditory meatus | external opening of the ear; is located in the temporal bone |
| zygomatic bones | cheekbones; articulate with the frontal bones |
| maxillary bones | upper jaw |
| palatine bones | form part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose |
| lacrimal bones | make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye |
| inferior conchae | thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose |
| vomer bone | forms the base for the nasal septum |
| mandible | lower jawbone; only movable bone of the skull |
| temporomandibular joint | TMJ;where the mandible attaches to the skull |
| hyoid bone | does not articulate with any other bone; is suspeded between the mandible and the laryngopharynx |
| thoracic cavity | made up of the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae; also known as the rib cage |
| ribs | 12 pairs; called costals; attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae |
| cost | rib |
| true ribs | first seven pairs of ribs and attach anteriorly to the sternum |
| false ribs | attach anteriorly to cartilage that joins with the sternum |
| floating ribs | last two pairs of ribs; are NOT attached anteriorly |
| sternum | breastbone; forms the middle of the front of the rib cage; is divided into 3 parts |
| manubrium | upper portion of the sternum |
| body of the sternum | middle portion of the sternum |
| xiphoid process | cartilage; lower portion of the sternum |
| pectoral girdle | also known as the shoulder girdle; supports the arms and hands |
| girdle | structure that encircles the body |
| clavicle | collar bone; slender bone that connects the sternum to the scapula |
| scapula | shoulder blade |
| acromion | extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder |
| humerus | bone of the upper arm |
| radius | shorter bone in the forearm; runs up the thumb side of the forearm |
| ulna | longer, larger bone of the forearm; articulates with the humerus to form the elbow joint |
| olecranon process | funny bone; large projection on the upper end of the ulna that forms the point of the elbow that tingles when struck |
| carpals | bones of the wrist |
| metacarpals | bones that form the palm of the hand |
| phalanges | bones of the fingers and the toes |
| spinal column | vertebral column; 26; functions are to support the head and body and to protedct the spinal cord |
| lamina | posterior portion of a vertebrae |
| vertebral foramen | opening in the middle of the vertebra; spinal cord passes through this opening |
| cervical vertebrae | first set of seven vertebrae that form the neck; known as C1 through C7 |
| cervical | neck |
| thoracic vertebrae | the second set of 12 vertebrae; form the outward curve of the spine and are known as T1 through T12 |
| lumbar vertebrae | make up the third set of five vertebrae; known as L1 through L5; largest and strongest of the vertebrae and form the inward curve of the spine |
| intervertebral disks | made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other; act as the shock absorbers; allow for movement of the spinal columnsacrum |
| sacrum | slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine |
| coccyx | tailbone; forms the end of the spine |
| pelvic girdle | hips or pelvic bone; protects internal organs and suports the lower extremities |
| ilium | upper, blade-shaped part of the hip on each side of the pelvic girdle |
| sacroiliac | slightly movable articuation between the sacrum and the ilium |
| ischium | lower and posterior portion of the pelvic girdle |
| pubis | anterior portion of the pelvic girdle |
| pubic symphysis | cartilaginous joint that holds the bones firmly together |
| acetabulum | large socket in the pelvic bones; forms the hip socket for the head of the femur |
| femur | upper leg bone or thigh bone; largest bone in the body |
| femoral neck | narrow area just below the head of the femur |
| trochanter | one of the two large bony projections on the upper end of the femur just below the femoral neck |
| patella | kneecap |
| popliteal | posterior surface of the knee |
| anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) | make possible the movements of the knee; shaped like a cross |
| tibia | shinbone; larger weight-bearing bone in the anterior of the lower leg |
| fibula | smaller of the two bones of the lower leg |
| tarsals | ankle bones |
| malleolus | rounded bony protuberance on each side of the ankle |
| talus | anklebone that articulates with the tibia and fibula |
| calcaneus | heel bone; largest of the tarsal bones |
| metatarsals | bones of the foot |
| phalanges | bones of the toes and of the fingers |
| chiropractor | holds a Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) degree; specializes in manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine |
| orthopedic surgeon | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles |
| orthotics | field of knowledge relating to the making and fitting of orthopedic appliances to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities or to improve the function of movable parts of the body |
| osteopathic physicians | hold a Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) degree; specialize in treating health problems by manipulation (changing the positions of the bones); may also use treaditional forms of medical treatment |
| osteopathy | refers to any bone disease |
| podiatrist | holds a Doctor of Podiatry (DP) or Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) degree; specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot |
| pod | foot |
| iatrist | specialist |
| rheumatologist | physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases that are characterized by inflammation in the connective tissues |
| Rheumatism | variety of acute and chronic conditions characterized by inflammation and deterioration of connective tissues; includes joint diseases such as arthritis and muscle disorders such as fibromyalgia |
| ankylosis | loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, an injury or a surgical procedure |
| ankyl | crooked, bent, or stiff |
| osis | abnormal conditon |
| arthralgia | pain in a joint |
| arthr | joint |
| algia | pain |
| arthrosclerosis | stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly |
| sclerosis | abnormal hardening |
| bursitis | inflammation of a bursa typically caused by repetitive movements |
| burs | bursa |
| chondroma | slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells |
| chondr | cartilage |
| oma | tumor |
| Chondromalacia | abnormal softening of the cartilage |
| malacia | abnormal softening |
| Halluz valgus | bunion; abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe |
| hallux | big toe |
| valgus | bent |
| luxation | dislocation; dislocation or displacement of a bone from its joint |
| subluxation | partial displacement of a bone from its joint |
| synovitis | inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain |
| synov | synovial membrane |
| Arthritis | inflammatory condition of one or more joints |
| arthr | joint |
| Osteoarthritis (wear and tear) (OA) | a degenerative joint disease (DJD) that is most commonly associated with aging |
| Gouty arthritis (gout) | type of arthritis associated with the formation of uric acid crystals in the joint as the result of hyperuicemia |
| Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | autoimmune disorder; sxs usually more severe; joints become swollen, painful, and immobile |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | form of rheumatoid arthritis characterized by progressive stiffening of the spind caused by fusion of the vertebral bodies |
| Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis | affedcts children; sxs are pain, swelling in the joints, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue |
| herniated disk or ruptured disk | rupture of the intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots |
| lumbago or low back pain | pain of the lumbar region |
| lumb | lumbar |
| ago | diseased condition |
| Spondylitis | inflammation of the vertebrae |
| spondyl | vertebrae |
| Spondylitis | inflammation of the vertebrae |
| Spondylolisthesis | forward movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebra on the vertevra below it or on the sacrum |
| listhesis | slipping |
| Spondylosis | any degenerative conditon of the vertebrae |
| spina bifida | congenital defect that occurs in early pregnancy where the spinal canal fails to close around the the spinal cord |
| bifida | split |
| cause of spina bifida | lack of folic acid during early pregnancy |
| kyphosis (humpback or dowager's hump) | abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine |
| kyph | hump |
| lordosis (swayback) | abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lower or lumbar spine |
| lord | bent backward |
| scoliosis | abnormal lateral curvature of the spine |
| scoli | curved |
| exostosis | benign growth on the surface of a bone |
| ostealgia | any pain linked to an abnormal condition within a bone |
| osteitis | inflammation of bone |
| osteomalacia | abnormal softening of bones due to disease |
| osteomyelitis | inflammation of the bone and bone marrow |
| osteonecrosis | destruction and death of bone tissue caused by an insufficient blood supply, infection, malignancy, or trauma |
| Paget's disease (osteitis deformans) | disease of unknown cause characterized by extensive bone destruction followed by abnormal bone repair |
| periostitis | inflammation of the periosteum |
| Rickets | caused by calcium and vit D deficiencies in early childhood |
| Talipes (clubfoot) | congenital deformity where the foot may be turned outward or inward |
| Ewing's sarcoma (Ewing's family of tumors) | group of cancers that most frequently affects children or adolescents; usually occur in the diaphyses of long bones in the arms and legs and can spread rapidly to other body sites |
| sarcoma | malignant tumor of connective tissue |
| myeloma | malignant tumor composed of cells derived from blood-forming tissues of the bone marrow; usually progressive; may cause pathologic fractures; often fatal |
| myel | bone marrow |
| osteochondroma | most common benign bone tumor; growths on the surface of a bone that protrude as hard lumps covered with a cap of cartilage |
| chondro | cartilage |
| osteoporosis | marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity associated with aging |
| vertebral crush fractures (compression fractures) | in the spine; one or more of the vertebrae become so weak that they collapse spontaneously or under minimal stress |
| Colles fracture (fractured wrist) | fracture of the lower end of the radius |
| osteoporotic hip fracture (broken hip) | occurs spontaneously or as the rusult of a fall |
| fracture (fx) | broken bone |
| greenstick fracture (incomplete fracture) | bone is partially bent and only partially broken; usually longitudinal; occurs primarily in children |
| closed fracture (simple or complete fracture) | bone is broken but no open wound in the skin |
| transverse fracture | straight across the bone |
| oblique fracture | at an angle |
| open fracture (compound fracture) | bone is broken and ther is an open wound in the skin |
| comminuted fracture | bone is splintered or crushed into small pieces |
| compression | bone is pressed together on itself |
| spiral fracture | bone has been twisted apart; result of a severe twisting motion |
| stress fracture | small crack in bones that often develops from chronic, excessive impact |
| fat embolus | may form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood |
| embolus | any foreign matter circulating in the blood that may become lodged and block the blood vessel |
| crepitation (crepitus) | crackling sensation that is felt and heard when the ends of a broken bone move together |
| callus | as the bone heals, it forms a bulging deposit around the area of the break |
| arthrocentesis | surgical puncture of the joint space to remove synovial fluid for analysis |
| arthroscopy | visual examination of the internal structure of a joint |
| bone densitiy testing (BDT) (bone mass measurement) or (densitometry) | use of several types of radiation tests to determine bone density |
| bone marrow biopsy (BMB) | performed by inserting a sharp needle into the hipbone or sternum and removing bone marrow cells; is performed as a diagnostic test to determine why blood cells are abnormal; is performed to find a donor match for a bone marrow transplant |
| bone scan | use of nuclear medicine to detect bone cancer and osteomyelitis before these pathologies become visible on traditonal radiographs |
| Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) | low-exposure radiographic measurement most often used to detect early signs of osteoporosis |
| Ultrasonic bone density testing (bone sonometer) | uses sound waves to take measurements of the heel bone; screening test for osteoporosis |
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints and spinal disorders |
| Radiographs | x-rays; used to visualize fractured bones |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) | administered to control pain and to reduce inflammation and swelling; Aspirin; may thin the blood and attack the stomach lining |
| Acetaminophen | controls pain but without the side effects of NSAIDs; does not reduce inflammation and swelling |
| antipyretic | reduces or relieves fever |
| COX-2 inhibitors | newer class of medications; control the pain and inflammation of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis while greatly reducing the side effects of NSAIDs |
| bone marrow transplant (BMT) (stem cell transplant) | used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas, that affect bone marrow |
| autologous transplant | uses some of the pt's own bone marrow that was harvested before treatment began |
| autologous | originating within an individual |
| allogenic transplant | uses bone marrow from a donor |
| allogenic | originating within another |
| cord blood | collected from the umbilical cord immediately after birth, is a rich source of stem cells; has the potential of being an alternative to bone marrow transplants |
| arthroscopic surgery | tx of the interior of a joint |
| bursectomy | surgical removal of a bursa |
| chondroplasty | surgical repair of cartilage |
| synovectomy | surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint |
| arthrodesis (fusion) (surgical ankylosis) | surgical procedure to stiffen a joint |
| arthrolysis | surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint |
| periosteotomy | incision through the periosteum |
| arthroplasty | surgical repair of a damaged joint; or surgical replacement of a joint |
| prosthesis (implant) | substitute for a diseased or missing part of the body |
| TKR (total knee replacement) | all the parts of the knee are replaced |
| (PKR) partial knee replacement | only part of the knee was replaced |
| (THR)total hip replacement | thigh component is a metal shaft fitted into the femur with a metal ball at the top end; the ball fits into a plastic lined cup-shaped socket that replaces the acetabulum within the hipbone |
| revision surgery | replacement of a worn or failed implant |
| diskectomy | surgical removal of an intervertebral disk |
| percutaneous diskectomy | thin tube is inserted through the skin of the back to suction out the ruptured disk or to vaporize it with a laser |
| percutaneous | through the skin |
| laminectomy | surgical removal of a lamina from a vertebra |
| spinal fusion | technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together (fusing) two or more vertebrae |
| craniectomy | surgical removal of a portion of the skull |
| craniotomy (bone flap) | surgical incision or opening into the skull that is performed to gain access to part of the brain |
| osteoclasis | surgical fracvture of a bone to correct a deformity |
| ostectomy | surgical removal of bone |
| osteoplasty | surgical repair of bones |
| osteorrhaphy | suturing or wiring together of bones |
| osteotomy | surgical incision or sectioning of a bone |
| manipulation (closed reduction) | the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation; the affected bone is returned to its normal anatomic alignment by manually applied forces and then is immobilized to maintain the realigned position |
| traction | pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal allignment |
| immobilization (stabilization) | the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast |
| external fixation | fracture treatment procedure where pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing; when healing is complete, the appliance is removed |
| internal fixation (ORIF) (open reduction internal fixation) | fracture treatment procedure where pins or a plate are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place; this is usually NOT removed after the fracture has healed |
