| A | B |
|---|
| Beccaria and Beliefs: | Italian philosopher who believed laws exist to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes. |
| Bill of Rights (American): | First ten amendments to the Constitution. Protected rights: freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion. |
| 3. Declaration of Independence | Document written by Thomas Jefferson based on the ideas of John Locke. Natural Rights: life, liberty, and property. |
| 4. Enlightenment or Age of Reason: | 18th century European movement that applied reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society. |
| Locke and beliefs | Locke was a philosopher that believed in natural rights-Life, liberty, and property. All people are born with these rights. |
| Mary Wollstonecraft and beliefs | believed women deserved same rights as men. She believed women should be educated to gain equality and freedom. |
| Montesquieu and beliefs | French writer who believed power should be divided among different branches of government. |
| Natural Rights | The idea that all people are born with the rights of life, liberty, and property. |
| Philosophe and beliefs | French philosophers during the Enlightenment. They believed reason could be applied to all aspects of life. |
| Rousseau and beliefs | Swiss philosopher who believed in “direct democracy” The only good government is formed freely by the people. |
| Separation of Powers | The division of power among different branches of government |
| Social Contract: | Thomas Hobbes believed it is the agreement by which people create government. They give up rights to a strong ruler in return they get law and order. |
| 3rd Estate and Percent of Population | 98% of the people belonged to the 3rd Estate. The 3rd estate was made up of three groups: Bourgeoisie, workers, and peasants. |
| Bastille Prison: | French people took control of Bastille prison to get gun powder to fight the kings Swiss mercenaries. This became symbol of French Revolution |
| Bourgeoisie: | French merchants and artisans. Well educated and believed strongly in Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality. |
| Causes of French Revolution | King Louis XCI and Marie Antoinette were very unpopular. Only commoners paid taxes. They paid for the debt that the nobility and monarchy created through living leisurely. Enlightenment ideas forced people to rethink the structure of society. Influenced by Social Contract and freedom of speech. Inspired by American Revolution. Peasants had 2 years of bad harvests-they were hungry and felt monarchy didn’t care. It balanced the inequities of society. |
| Committee for Public Safety | A committee headed by Robespierre. Decided who should be considered enemies of the French Republic. These people were put to death. |
| Estate General of 1789 | An assembly of representatives from all three estates that met to approve tax reform. |
| European Monarchs’ response to French Revolution | They supported the French monarchy because they feared the revolution might spread. |
| Fate of Marie Antoinette and King Louis XVI | They were forced out of their palace and out of power. Later both were executed. |
| French Declaration of Rights of Man | The estates formed one group-the National Assembly. They adopted this document. It was heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideas and American Declaration of independence. It guaranteed the rights of “liberty and property, security and resistance to oppression” to all people (equal justice under the law, freedom of speech, freedom of religion). |
| Guillotine: | machine for beheading people. Was used as a means of execution during the Reign of Terror. |
| Jacobins | Most radical club in 1792. Gave violent speeches and wanted to remove the king and establish a republic. |
| Motto of French Revolution | “Life, Equality, and Fraternity.” |
| National Assembly and Catholic Church | The National Assembly reorganized the Catholic Church in France and redistributed all its land. |
| Olympe de Gouge and ideas | Declaration of Rights of Man didn’t include women. She wrote a Declaration of the Rights of Women. Her ideas were rejected and she was beheaded as an enemy of the revolution. |
| Reign of Terror | Title used to describe the reign of Robespierre. Approximately 3,000 people were executed in Paris. 85 % of them were peasants. People who were killed were thought to be enemies of the French Revolution. This included King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. |
| Robespierre beliefs, goals, and death | He wanted to build a “republic of virtue”. He wanted to wipe out every trace of France’s past monarchy and nobility. He believed n “reason.” Changed the calendar to 12 months with 30 days in each month. Renamed each month and left out Sunday. Felt religion was old fashioned. Closed churches in Paris. He was the leader of the Committee of Public Safety. Dictator during the Reign of Terror. Justified terror-he felt it enabled France to remain true to French Rev. ideals. Anyone who he felt was an enemy –was put to death. July 1794-members of National Convention felt threatened by him. They turned on him “Down with the Tyrant” He was executed by guillotine. |
| Tennis Court Oath: | King wanted Estates General to follow medieval rules. Third estate was influenced by Enlightened ideas and wanted more power. Led by Abbe’ Sieyes, formed the National Assembly. The National Assembly wanted to end absolute monarchy and create a representative government. They were locked out of their meeting room, so they broke down door leading to an indoor tennis court. There they vowed to stay until new Constitution was drawn up. |
| American Revolution French Revolution and Rise of Napoleon: | American Revolution: 1775-1783, French Revolution: 1789-1799, Rise of Napoleon: |
| Battle of Waterloo: | June 15, 1815: Napoleon’s last attempt to regain power. British army led by Duke of Wellington-battle near village of Waterloo, Belgium. Napoleon attacked British forces. Prussian forces arrived 2 days later and helped British push back Napoleon’s army. French forces were forced to retreat. Ended Napoleon’s bid for power. |
| Continental System | 1806 Napoleon blocked all trade and communication between GB and other European nations. Was supposed to make continental Europe more self sufficient. Also intended to destroy British commercial and industrial economy. |
| Invasion of Russia | Napoleon’s most disastrous mistake. Although they were allies, the Russian Czar refused to stop selling grain to GB. French and Russian rulers suspected each other of having designs on Poland. June 1812-Napoleon’s Grand Army invaded Russia. Soldiers were mercenaries-weren’t all French and had no loyalty to France. Russian army practiced scorched earth policy as they retreated toward Moscow. Burned grains, fields, slaughtered livestock, and left nothing for French troops to eat. When they arrived in Moscow they were hungry and tired with no food/shelter. Soldiers deserted French army. |
| Louisiana Territory: | When Napoleon’s expedition to Saint Domingue failed, he took the opportunity to make money and cut his losses in the Americas. Pres. Jefferson purchased the land for $15 million. Napoleon benefitted from the sale because he received money to finance operations in Europe and he could further punish British- |
| Napoleon’s empire | Austria, Netherlands, parts of Italy. Puppet govt. in Switzerland |
| Peninsular War | 1808-1813 Portugal was ignoring the Continental System. Napoleon sent army through Spain to invade Portugal. Spanish towns rioted in protest. Napoleon deposed Spanish king and put his brother Joseph on the throne. Angered Spanish citizens. They were worried that France would undermine the Catholic Church. Peasant fighters-guerillas- fought French. They would strike forces and hide. French couldn’t fight this way. British sent troops to help Spanish. French lost 300,000 soldiers. Weakened the French empire. Like Spain-Germany, Italy and other conquered areas started to turn on France. |
| St Helena | British shipped Napoleon here after Battle of Waterloo. It is a remote island on South Atlantic. Lived in exile for 6 years. Died in 1821 |
| Elba | Tiny island off the Italian coast. Napoleon was banished there in 1814. He escaped in March 1815. |
| Hundred Days | the brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power deposing French king and becoming emperor |
