| A | B |
|---|
| mass | a measure of how much matter |
| volume | a measure of how much space is used |
| Length | the distance between 2 points |
| Gram | The basic unit of mass |
| Liter | The basic unit of liquid volume |
| Meter | The basic unit of length |
| Balance | A tool to measure mass |
| Graduated Cylinder | A tool to measure liquid volume |
| Metric Ruler | A tool to measure metric length |
| Thermometer | A tool to measure temperature |
| Experiment | A series of procedures taken to test a hypothesis |
| Hypothesis | An educated guess about th e outcome of an experiment, a possible explanation |
| Control | The part of an expariment that does not change; included in order to make sure that the variables make the difference in an experiment |
| Scientific theory | An explanation for what is obseved that is supported by evidence from repeated experiments |
| Scientific law | a description of what is observed |
| Cell | Basic unit of life, building block of living things |
| Unicellular | organism consisting of a single cell |
| Multicellular | organism made of 2 or more cells |
| Spontaneous generation | mistaken belief that living things come from nonliving material at times |
| Redi | scientist who did first experiment to disprove spontaneous generation (maggots from meat) |
| Pasteur | scientist who disproved spontaneous generation of bacteria (bacteria in broth) (pasteurization is named for him) |
| Taxonomy | classification of living things |
| KPCOFGS | What initials help you remember kingdom, phylum....? |
| Latin names of organisms | Homo sapiens , Canis lupus made of Genus species |
| Aristotle, Linnaeus, Darwin | scientists who contributed to taxonomy |
| Animal | Kingdom: multicellular, nucleus, no chloroplasts, no cell wall, move to capture food |
| Plant | Kingdom:multicellular, nucleus, chloroplasts, cell wall |
| Fungi | Kingdom:multi– or unicellular, no chloroplasts, cell wall, decomposers |
| E and A Bacteria | Kingdom: no nucleus, no chloroplast (but may have chlorophyll), cell wall, decomposers or pathogens ( cause illness |
| Protist | Kingdom: misfits, all kinds |
| Nucleus | "brain", control center of cell |
| Cell membrane | thin skin separating insides from outsides of cell, controls what passes through |
| Cytoplasm | region between cell membrane and nucleus |
| Cell wall | Rigid layer on outside of cell that gives structure and support |
| Chloroplast | green structure containing chlorophyll, allows cell to make food using sun’s energy |
| Chlorophyll | green pigment that absorbs sun’s light energy, converting it to food energy |
| photosynthesis | process by which plants and green protests and bacteria use chlorophyll to convert the sun’s light energy into food energy |
| Respiration | process by which heterotrophs burn sugar (food) to release energy, the opposite of photosynthesis |
| Diffusion | movement of particles from hi to lo concentrations, no energy required |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water across a membrane |
| Transpiration | release of water vapor by leaves of plants into the atmosphere through stomata |
| stomata | openings in leaves composed of 2 guard cells, allow passages of gases in and out of leaf |
| Water cycle | movement and recycling of water through: |
| Heredity | passage of traits from parents to offspring |
| Genetics | The study of heredity |
| Chromosome | rod shaped structure made of DNA, found in nucleus, carries genetic code (shaped like an X in some stages of cell’s life) |
| DNA | molecule that contains the code for all life processes |
| Sexual reproduction | involves sex cells, results in offspring that are similar but not identical to parents |
| Sperm | male sex cell |
| egg | female sex cell |
| Fertilization | union of sperm and egg |
| Zygote | fertilized egg |
| Asexual reproduction | does not involve sex cells, results in identical offspring |
| Mitosis | cell division, results in 2 cells identical to parent (pairs of chromosomes); useful in growth, repair, asexual reproduction |
| Meiosis | cell division, results in 4 sex cells (single chromosomes) used in sexual reproduction |
| Gene | unit of inheritance, DNA code for one specific trait (ex: eye color |
| Allele | form of a trait ( blue, brown, green, hazel, grey |
| Dominant | allele that is expressed if present, capital letter |
| Punnett square | diagram to show probability of offspring of a cross |
| Phenotype | what alleles are expressed, ex: tan in hamsters |
| Genotype | what alleles are present |
| Hybrid | organism has a dominant and a recessive allele for the same trait, ex: Bb, XY, Ww |
| Genetic engineering | transfer of genes from one organism are placed into another species, ex: transfer of trait for human insulin production into bacteria |
| Genetic disorder | illness that is inherited through genes or chromosomes; ex: cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, sicklecell anemia |
| Virus | Nonliving particle composed of protein coat and DNA or RNA; some cause disease: flu, colds, AIDS, rabies, chicken pox. Replicate onle inside living host |
| Vaccine | solution of dead or weakened virus that stimulate the body’s immune system to protect against the disease |
| Antibiotic | chemical that kills bacteria inside a body |
| Disinfectant | chemical that kills bacteria on surfaces |
| Evolution | slow change in a species over time |
| Species | group of organisms that can mate and produce offspring that can also reproduce |
| Adaptation | characteristic of an organism that allows it to survive better in its environment |
| Darwin | scientist who proposed the theory of evolution |
| Natural selection | Another phrase for “survival of the fittest |
| Fossil | preserved remains of ancient life |
| Homologous structures | wings on bird, flippers on whales, arms on humans |
| Decomposer | Breaks down dead organisms and returns them to the soil |
| Metabolism | total of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism |
| Parasitism` | organism live in or on another for energy, harms the host |
| Infectious disease | can be spread to others by contact with people, animals, environment |
| Condensation | water vapor turns to liquid |
| Precipitation | rain, sleet, snow, etc |
| Evaporation | liquid water turns to water vapor |
| Transpiration | water vapor released from stomates of plant leaves |
