| A | B |
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| Functions of the muscular system | hold body erect and movement; generates heat; move food thru digestive system; aids flow of blood thru beins; moves fluids thru the ducts and tubes |
| muscles are composed of long, slender cells called | muscle fibers |
| fascia | sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue that covers,supports, and separates muscle |
| tendon | narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone |
| Achilles tendon | attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to the heel bone (calcaneous) |
| ligaments | connect bone to bone |
| aponeurosis | flat, fibrous sheet of connective tissue; attaches a muscle to bone or to other tissues |
| 3 types of muscle tissues | skeletal, smooth, and cardiac |
| skeletal muscles | attach to bones of the skeleton and make possible body motions such as walking and smiling |
| skeletal muscles | striated |
| skeletal muscles | voluntary |
| smooth muscles | located in the walls of internal organs such as digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands; function is to move and control the flow of fluids thru these structrures |
| smooth muscles | unstriated |
| smooth muscles | involuntary (under the control of the autonomic nervous system |
| smooth muscles | visceral (found in the large internal organs and in hollow structures) |
| cardiac muscle | myocardial muscle; forms the muscular wall of the heart |
| cardiac muscle | myocardium |
| cardiac muscle | specialized tissue that is like striated muscle in appearance but like smooth muscle in its action |
| Kinesiology | study of muscular activity and the resulting movement of body parts |
| kinesi | movement |
| ology | study of |
| Antagonistic | to work in opposition to each other; one muscle produces movement in one direction, and the other muscle produces movement in the opposite direction |
| Contraction | tightening of a muscle; as it contracts, it becomes shorter and thicker |
| Relaxation | when a muscle returns to its original form; the muscle becomes longer and thinner |
| Muscle tone | tonus; the normal state of balanced muscle tension (contraction adn relaxation) that is required to hold the body in an awake position |
| Muscle innervation | stimulation of the muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve; this stimulation causes the muscle to contract |
| Neuromuscular | pertaining to the relationship between nerve and muscle; if the nerve impulse is interrupted because of injury or pathology of the nervous system, the muscle is paralyzed and cannot contract |
| ROM | range of motion; is the change in joint position that is produced byb muscle movements |
| Abduction | movement away from the midline of the body |
| abductor muscle | muscle that moves a part away from the midline |
| Adduction | movement toward the midline of the body |
| adductor | muscle that moves a part toward the midline |
| flexion | decreasing the angle between two bones or bending a limb at a joint |
| flexor | muscle that bends a limb at a joint |
| extension | increasing the angle between two bones or straightening out a limb |
| extensor | muscle that straightens a limb at a joint |
| hyperextension | extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit |
| elevation | act of raising or lifting a body part |
| levator | muscle that raises a body part |
| depression | act of lowering a body part |
| rotation | circular movement around an axis |
| rotator muscle | turns a body part on its axis |
| rotator cuff | group of muscles that hold the head of the humerus securely in place as it rotates within the shoulder joint |
| circumduction | circular movement of a limb at the far end |
| supination | act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward |
| pronation | act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward |
| dorsiflexion | bends the foot upward at the ankle(pointing the toes and foot upward narrows the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg) |
| plantar flexion | bends the foot downward at the ankle (pointing the toes and foot downward increases the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg) |
| plantar | pertaining to the sole of the foot |
| muscle origin | place where the muscle begins (originates); it is the more fixed attachment or the end of the muscle nearest the midline of the body |
| muscle insertion | place where the muscle ends (inserts); it is the more moveable end or the portion of the muscle farthest from the midline of the body |
| sternocleidomastoid muscle | helps flex the neck and rotate the head; is named for its origin and insertion; has two origins, begins near the midline from the sternum and clavicle; inserts away from the midline into the mastoid process of the temporal bone |
| flexor carpi muscles work with the extensor carpi muscles | to make possible the flexion and extension motions of the wrist |
| pectoralis major | important muscle of the chest |
| pectoral | relating to the chest |
| vastus lateralis and vastus medialis | indicate their location by including lateral and medial in their names |
| lateral | toward the side |
| medial | toward the midline |
| external oblique and internal oblique muscles | indicate their location byb including external and internal in their names |
| Rectus | means straight |
| oblique | slanted or at an angle |
| transverse | in a crosswise direction |
| sphincter | ringlike muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway |
| biceps brachii (biceps) | is formed from two divisions |
| bi | two |
| ceps | head |
| triceps brachii (triceps) | fromed from three divisions |
| tri | three |
| quadriceps femoris | formed from four muscle divisions; located on the anterior thigh; assists in extending the femur |
| gluteus maximus | largest muscle of the buttock |
| deltoid muscle | forms the muscular shoulder cap; is shaped like an inverted triangle or the Greek letter delta |
| orthopedic surgeon | treats injuries and disorders involving bones, joints, muscles, and tendons |
| rheumatologist | treats disorders that involve the inflammation of connective tissues including muscles |
| neurologist | treats the cause of paralysis and similar muscular disorders where there is loss of function |
| sports medicine | treats sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles |
| fascitis or (fasciitis) | inflammation of a fascia |
| tenalgia or tenodynia | pain in a tendon |
| tendinitis | inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint |
| overuse tendinitis | inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint |
| adhesion | band of fibrous tissue that hold structures together abnormally; may form as the result of an injury or surgery |
| muscle atrophy | weakness and wasting away of muscle tissue; can be caused by pathology or by disease of the muscle |
| myalgia | muscle tenderness or pain |
| myolysis | degeneration (breakdown) of muscle tissue |
| lysis | destruction or breaking down |
| myositis | inflammation of a muscle tissue especially skeletal muscles |
| polymyositis | chronic, progressive disease affecting the skeletal muscles that is characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy |
| poly | many |
| myomalacia | abnormal softening of muscle tissue |
| myorrhexis | rupture of a muscle |
| myosclerosis | abnormal hardening of muscle tissue |
| hernia | protrusion of a part or structure thru the tissues normally containing it |
| myocele | protrusion of a muscle thru its ruptured sheath or fascia |
| atonic | lack of normal muscle tone |
| dystonia | condition of abnormal muscle tone |
| hypertonia | excessive tone of the skeletal muscles with an increased resistance of muscle to passive stretching |
| hypotonia | diminished tone of the skeletal muscles with decreased resistance of muscle to passive stretching |
| myotonia | delayed relaxation of a muscle after a strong contraction |
| ataxia | inability to coordinate the muscles in the execution of voluntary movement |
| tax | coordination |
| dystaxia (partial ataxia) | difficulty in controlling voluntary movement |
| contracture | abnormal shortening of muscle tissues, making the muscle resistant to stretching |
| intermittent claudication | cramplike pain of the leg muscles caused by poor circulation; may be an indication of a larger cardiovascular problem |
| spasm (cramp) | sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of a muscle or a group of muscles |
| spasmodic torticollis (wryneck) | stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side |
| bradykinesia | extreme slowness in movement |
| dyskinesia | distortion or impairment of voluntary movement |
| hyperkinesia (hyperactivity) | abnormally increased motor function or activity |
| hypokinesia | abnormally decreased motor function or activity |
| tardive dyskinesia | late appearance of dyskinesia as a side effect of long-term treatment with certain antipsychotic drugs |
| tardive | lateness in appearance |
| myoclonus | spasm or twitching of a muscle or group of muscles |
| clon | violent action |
| nocturnal myoclonus | jerking of the limbs that may occur normally as a person is falling asleep |
| nocturnal | pertaining to night |
| singultus (hiccups) | myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm |
| myasthenia | muscle weakness from any cause |
| asthenia | weakness or lack of strength |
| myasthenia gravis (MG) | chronic autoimmune disease where there is an abnormality in the neuromuscular function causing episodes of muscle weakness; most frequently affects the muscles that control eye movements, eyelids, chewing, swallowing, coughing, and facial expression |
| muscular dystrophy (MD) | group of inherited muscle disorders that cause muscle weakness without affecting the nervous system |
| 2 most common forms of MD | Duchenne's which appears from 2 - 6 yrs of age and progresses slowly and affects only males and Becker's which is less severe and does not appear until early adolexcence or adulthood |
| fibromyalgia syndrome | chronic disorder of unknown cause; characterized by widespread aching pain, tender points, and fatigue |
| tender points | abnormal, localized areas of soreness; are important diagnostic indicators of FMS; occur at the base of the neck, along the backbone, in front of the hip and elbow, and at the rear of the knee and shoulder |
| repetitive stress disorders | symptoms caused by repetitive motions that involve muscles, tendons, nerves, and joints; most commonly occur as workplace or sports injuries |
| ergonomics | study of human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment |
| erg/o | work |
| nom | control |
| overuse injuries | minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal; may be caused by spending hours at the keyboard or by lenghty sports training sessions |
| myofascial damage | can be caused by overworking the muscles, results in tenderness and swellin go the muscles and their surrounding tissues |
| rotator cuff tendinitis | inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff; often named for the cause such as tennis shoulder or pitcher's shoulder |
| impingement syndrome | tendons become inflamed and get caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint |
| calcium depositis | form within the tendons of the rotator cuff; cause chronic irritation of the tendons |
| carpal tunnel | narrow bony passage under the carpal ligament located 1/4 inch below the inner surface of the wrist |
| carpal tunnel syndrome | tendons passing thru the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflammed and swollen which creates compression (pressure) on the median nerve as it passes thru the carpal tunnel which causes pain, burning, and paresthesia (tingling) in the fingers and hand |
| cervical radiculopathy | nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region |
| radicul/o | nerve root |
| epicondylitis | inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow |
| lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) | pain on the outer side of the arm of the forearm |
| medial epicondylitis (golfer's elbow) | pain on the palm-side of the forearm |
| plantar fascitis | inflammation of the plantar fascia causing foot or heel pain when walking or running |
| heel spur | thickening on the surface of the calcaneous bone that causes sever pain when standing |
| sprain | injury to a joint such as ankle, knee, or wrist; frequently caused by overuse; involves a stretched or torn ligament |
| strain | injury to the body of the muscle or attachment of the tendon; usually associated with overuse injuries that involve a stretched or torn muscle or tendon attachment |
| shin splint | pain caused by the muscle tearing away from the tibia; usually caused by repeated stress to the lower leg |
| hamstring injury | may be a strain or tear of the posterior femoral muscles; usually cause sudden pain in the back of the thigh |
| achilles tendinitis | painful inflammation of the achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on the tendon |
| myoparesis | weakness or slight paralysis of a muscle |
| paresis | partial or incomplete paralysis |
| hemiparesis | slight paralysis of one side of the body |
| paralysis | loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements thru disease or injury to its nerve supply; damage may be temporary or permanent |
| spinal cord injury (SCI) | often causes paralysis because nerve impulses cannot be carried below the level of injury |
| papaplegia (paraplegic) | paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body; an SCI below the cervical vertebrae results in paraplegia |
| quadriplegia | paralysis of all four extremities; an SCI involving the cervical vertebrae causes this; if any injury is above C5, it also affects respiration |
| hemiplegia | total paralysis of one side of the body; usually associated with a stroke or brain damage; damage to one side of the brain causes paralysis on the opposite side of the body |
| cardioplegia | paralysis of the muscles of the heart |
| deep tendon reflexes (DTR) | tested with a reflex hammer used to strike the tendon; no response or an abnormal response may indicate a disruption of the nerve supply to the involved muscles; reflexes are lost in deep comas or because of medication shch as heavy sedation |
| electromyography (EMG) | records the strength of muscle contractions as the result of electrical stimulation |
| electroneuromyography (nerve conduction studies) | procedure for testing and recording neuromuscular activity by the electric stimulation of the nerve trunk that carries fibers to and from the muscle |
| range of motion testing (ROM) | diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength |
| anti-inflammatory | relieves pain and relieves inflammation |
| antispasmodic (anticholinergic) | acts to control spasmodic activity of the smooth muscles such as those of the intestine |
| atropine | antispasmodic that may be admininstered preoperatibely to relax smooth muscles |
| muscle relaxant | valium; acts on the central nervous system to relax muscle tone and relieve anxiety and tension |
| physical therapy | treatment to prevent disability or to restore functioning thru the use of exercise, heat, massage, and other methods to improve circulation, flexability, and muscle strength |
| range of motion exercises | one form of PT; the goal of these therapeutic measures is to increase strength, flexibility, and mobility |
| ADL's (activities of daily living) | personal hygiene, dressing, grooming, eating,toileting |
| fasciotomy | surgical incision of a fascia |
| fascioplasty | surgical repair of a fascia |
| carpal tunnel release | surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve nerve pressure |
| tenectomy | surgical removal of a lesion from a tendon or tendon sheath |
| tenodesis | to suture the end of a tendon to bone |
| tenolysis | to free a tendon from adhesions |
| tenonectomy | surgical removal of part of a tendon for the purpose of shortening it |
| tenotomy | surgical division of a tendon for relief of a deformity caused by the abnormal shortening of a muscle such as strabismus (crossed eyes) |
| tenoplasty | surgical repair of a tendon |
| tenorrhaphy | suturing of a divided tendon |
| myectomy | surgical removal of a portion of a muscle |
| myoplasty | surgical repair of a muscle |
| myorrhaphy | to suture a muscle wound |
| Physical Therapist (PT) | provides treatment to improve mobility and prevent or limit permanent disability of patients with injuries or diseases; they plan, implement, and evaluate their patients |
| Physical Therapy Assistant (PTA) | help carry out plans of treatment prescribed by the physical therapist; also maintain equipment and accessories |
| Massage Therapist | uses bodywork or therapeutic touch to provide pain relief and encourage healing |
| Athletic Trainer (AT) | works to prevent and treat athletic injuries and provides rehabilitative services to athletes who have been hurt; provide massage, corrective exercises, diet supervision, and equipment fittings |
| Kinesiotherapist | works under the supervision of a physician to provide rehab exercise programs designed to reverse or minimize the debilitation of patients undergoing medical treatment |
| Occupational Therapist (OT) | treats people with mental, physical, developmental, and emotional disabilities, helping them develop or maintain daily living skills |
| Occupational Therapist Assistant | works under the supervision of an OT to help patients with prescribed exercises and activities |
