| A | B |
|---|
| cardio | heart |
| vascular | blood vessels |
| functions of cardiovascular system | efficient pumping system to supply all body tissues with oxygen and nutrients; to transport cellular waste products to the appropriate organs for removal from the body; blood cells play important roles in the immune system and endocrine system |
| major structures of the cardiovascular system | heart, blood vessels, and blood |
| heart | hollow, muscular organ located between the lungs and above the diaphragm; is a pump |
| pericardium | double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart |
| pericardial fluid | between the layers prevents friction when the heart beats |
| epicardium | external layer of the heart and is part of the inner layer of the pericardial sac |
| myocardium | middle and thickest of the layers and consists of the cardiac muscle |
| endocardium | lining of the heart that forms the inner surface that comes in direct contact with blood being pumped thru the heart |
| coronary arteries and veins | supply the blood needs of the myocardium |
| 4 chambers of the heart | R & L atriums and R & L ventricles |
| atria | 2 upper chambers of the heart and receive the blood; all blood vessels coming into the heart enter in the atria |
| septum | separating wall or partition |
| ventricles | lower chambers of the heart; all blood vessels leaving the heart emerge from the ventricles |
| ventricular walls are | thicker than the atrial walls because the ventricles pump blood longer distances |
| narrow tip of the heart is the | cardiac apex |
| flow of blood flow thru the heart is controlled by the | tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, mitral, and aortic semilunar valves |
| tricuspid valve (three points or cusps) | controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle |
| pulmonary semilunar valve | located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery |
| mitral valve (bicuspid) | locatd between the left atrium and the left ventricle |
| aortic semilunar valve | located between the left ventricle and the aorta |
| systemic circulation | blood flow to all parts of the body except the lungs |
| oxygenated blood flows out of the heart from the | left ventricle into arterial circulation |
| deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the | veins and flows into the right atrium |
| pulmonary circulation | flow of blood between the heart and lungs |
| the only place in the body where arteries carry oxygen-poor blood | blood flows out of the heart from the right ventricle and through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs |
| pulmonary veins carry oxygen-richblood into the | left atrium of the heart; this is the only place in the body where veins carry oxygen-rich blood |
| conduction system | electrical impulses from nerves that stimulate the myocardium of the chambers of the heart start in the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and bundle of His |
| sinoatrial node (SA) | located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava; known as the natural pacemaker |
| atrioventricular node (AV) node | located on the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum |
| bundle of His | located within the interventricular septum; carry the impulses to the R & L ventricles and the Purkinje fibers |
| Purkinje fibers | causes the ventricles to contract simultaneously forcing blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries |
| P wave | due to the contraction (stimulation) of the atria |
| QRS complex | shows the contraction (stimulation) of the ventricles |
| T wave | relaxation (recovery) of the ventricles |
| lubb sound | heard first; caused by the tricuspid and mitral valves closing between the atria and the ventricles |
| dupp sound | shorter and higher pitched; caused by the closing of the semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary arteries as blood is pumped out of the heart |
| lumen | opening within these vessels thru which the blood flows |
| arteries | large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body; high oxygen content that gives arterial blood its brignt red color |
| endarterial | pertaining to the interior or lining of an artery |
| aorta | main trunk of the arterial system and begins from the left ventricle of the ehart |
| coronary artery | branches from the aorta and supplies blood to the myocardium |
| arterioles | smaller thinner branches of arteries, carry blood to the capillaries |
| capillaries | anatomic units connecting the arterial and venous circulatory systems; smallest vessels in the body; where exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials between the tissue fluids and the surrounding cells |
| veins | thinner walls and are less elastic; have valves that make blood flow toward the heart |
| venules | small veins that join to form the larger veins |
| venae cavae | two large veins that enter the heart |
| superior vena cava | brings blood from the upper portion of the body |
| inferior vena cava | brings blood from the lower portion of the body |
| pulse | rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by the pressure of the blood moving thru the artery |
| blood pressure | measurement of the amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels |
| systolic pressure | occurs when the ventricles contract, is the highest pressure against the walls of the blood vessels |
| diastolic pressure | occurs when the ventricles are relaxed, is the lowest pressure against the walls of the blood vessels |
| BP (blood pressure) | recorded as systolic over diastolic |
| blood | composed of 55 percent liquid plasma and 45 percent formed elements (blood corpuscles) (RBC, WBC, and platelets) |
| plasma | straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products; is 91 percent water |
| fibrinogen and prothrombin | clotting proteins found in plasma; have an important role in clot formation to control bleeding |
| serum | plasma with clotting proteins removed |
| erythrocytes (RBC) | mature RBC; produced by the bed bone marrow; are shaped like a doughnut with a thin central protion instead of a hole |
| hemoglobin | iron-containing pigment of the erythrocytes; transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body |
| reticulocyte | immature erythrocyte that is characterized bya ameshlike pattern of threads |
| normal life span of an RBC | 120 days |
| macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow | destroy erythrocytes that are no longer useful |
| leukocytes (WBC) | protect the body against harmful invaders such as bacgteria |
| leuk/o | white |
| neutrophils | formed in red bone marrow, are the most prevalent type of WBC; fight infection by phagocytosis |
| phagocytosis | process of engulfing and engulfing and swallowing germs |
| phag/o | to eat or swallow |
| basophils | formed in red bone marrow; promote the inflammatory response; an elevated basophil count may indicate an allergic condition |
| eosinophils | formed in red bone marrow; increase in response to allergic reactions; an elevated eosinophil count indicates an allergic condition |
| lymphocytes | formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen; have an important role in protecting the body against disease |
| monocytes | formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen; important in protecting against disease; elevated monocyte count usually indicates a chronic infection |
| thrombocytes (platelets) | smallest formed elements of the blood; play an important role in the clotting of blood; platelets clump and stick together to form a clot |
| 4 major blood types | A, AB, B, and O; based on the presence of the A and/or B antigens on RBC; in O, both antigens are absent |
| Rh factor | RBC contain the Rh antigen; person is either positive or negative |
| Rh factor | positive for Rh antigen |
| Rh negative | negative for Rh antigen |
| blood gas | gas that is dissolved in the liquid part of the blood; oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen |
