| A | B |
|---|
| la geografía | geography -the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these, including the distribution of populations and resources, land use, and industries. |
| la demografía | demography - the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations. |
| la montaña | moutain |
| la cordillera | mountain range (group of mountains) |
| la cima | peak (top of a mountain) |
| el valle | valley |
| la colina | hill |
| el volcán | volcano |
| la cuenca | basin, watershed (a kind of valley) |
el altiplano/ la meseta,  | high plateau (a flat area that is high above sea level) |
| la pradera | prarie (a flat area that is close to sea level) |
| el desierto | desert |
| la sabana | savannah (tropical plain) |
el istmo (lengua de tierra),  | isthmus - a narrow strip of land with sea on either side, forming a link between two larger areas of land. |
| la península | peninsula - a piece of land almost surrounded by water or projecting out into a body of water |
| la isla | island |
el archipiélago,  | archipelago (chain of islands) |
| la frontera | border |
| los cuerpos de agua | bodies of water |
| el océano | ocean |
| el mar | sea |
| el lago | lake |
| el río | river |
| el arroyo/ riachuelo | stream, brook |
| el estanque | pond |
| el charco | puddle |
| el estuario | estuary - the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream. |
| el pantano | swamp |
| la laguna | lagoon |
el golfo,  | gulf- part of a lake or ocean that extends to that it is surrounded by land on three sides, similar t, but larger than a bay. Image of Gulf of Mexico |
| el canal | canal |
la bahía,  | bay |
| el puerto | port |
| el puente | bridge |
| el embalse | resevior - a place where water is stored -can be either natural or manmade |
| la represa, la presa | dam |
| navegable | you can sail on it |
| navegar | to sail |
| potable | drinkable - water that is safe to drink |
| la irrigación | irrigation (watering system) |
| pofundo | deep |
| poco profundo | shallow |
| la fuente | source/ fountain |
| la corriente | current |
| la marea | tide |
| las olas | waves |
| la costa | the coast |
| el nivel del mar | sea level |
| unir | to unite |
| unidos por | united by |
| cubrir | to cover |
| cubierto por | covered by |
| atrevesar (atreviesa) | to cross, crosses (cruzar is another word for this) |
| abarcar | to span, cover, include |
| desembocar | to flow into, let out |
| iniciar | to initiate, start |
| se encuentra | is found, located |
| largo | long |
| grande | big |
| grados | degrees |
| inclinado/ escarpado | steep |
| occidental | western |
| oriental | eastern |
| paralelo | parallel |
| rodeado (por) | surrounded (by) |
| lindado (por) | bordered by |
| ubicado | located |
| la salida | exit |
la confluencia,  | junction, convergence (image: confluence of the orinoco and caroni rivers in Venezuela) |
| la mayor parte | most of |
| la mayoría | the majority |
| entre | between |
| la población | population |
| el país | country |
| la capital | capital city |
| el capital | capital (money) |
| el campo | countryside |
| el pueblo | town |
| los vecinos | neighbors |
| el idioma/ la lengua | language |
| la taza de alfabetismo | literacy rate (the number of people who can read and write) |
| el analfabetismo | illiteracy (the inability to read) |
| analfabeto | illiterate (someone who can't read) |
| la religión | religion |
| el ingreso | income |
| bilingüe | bilingual |
| la minoría | minority |
| latinoamericano | Latin American |
| hispanos | Hispanics |
| hispanohablante, hispanoparlante | Spanish speaker, Spanish speaking |
| angloparlante | English speaker, English speaking |
| el siglo | century (100 years) |
| la década | decade (10 years) |
| el ciudadano | citizen |
