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Java Games: Flashcards, matching, concentration, and word search. |
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| standard language | Assigned language, the prestigious establishments make it as well as people. COnsidered the proper type of language |
| regional dialect | he distinct form of a language spoken in a certain geographical area. If the form of speech transmitted from a parent to a child is a distinct regional dialect, that dialect is said to be the child's vernacular. |
| social dialect | A variety of speech associated with a particular social class or occupational group within a society. Also known as sociolect.More-highly educated speakers and, often, those belonging to a higher social class tend to use more features belonging to the standard language, whereas the original dialect of the region is better preserved in the speech of the lower and less-educated classes. |
| discourse analysis | is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written, vocal, or sign language use or any significant semiotic event. The objects of discourse analysis—discourse, writing, conversation, communicative event—are variously defined in terms of coherent sequences of sentences, propositions, speech, or turns-at-talk. Contrary to much of traditional linguistics, discourse analysts not only study language use 'beyond the sentence boundary', but also prefer to analyze 'naturally occurring' language use, and not invented examples |
| language vs. dialect | I'd say that the differences are mainly regional, some cultural, and so on... Someone from the south will have an accent different from someone from the North. Language is where dialects are dervied from. |
| language and gender | men and women use language differently than one another, for instance, women often use more conservative forms of language, and often are the innovators of new language or uses of language |
| lingua franca | is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written, vocal, or sign language use or any significant semiotic event. The objects of discourse analysis—discourse, writing, conversation, communicative event—are variously defined in terms of coherent sequences of sentences, propositions, speech, or turns-at-talk. Contrary to much of traditional linguistics, discourse analysts not only study language use 'beyond the sentence boundary', but also prefer to analyze 'naturally occurring' language use, and not invented examples. ENglish has become a global language |
| pidgin and creole | Originally thought of as incomplete, broken, corrupt, not worthy of serious attention. Pidgins still are marginal: in origin (makeshift, reduced in structure), in attitudes toward them (low prestige); in our knowledge of them. Some quick definitions: Pidgin language (origin in Engl. word `business'?) is nobody's native language; may arise when two speakers of different languages with no common language try to have a makeshift conversation. Lexicon usually comes from one language, structure often from the other. Because of colonialism, slavery etc. the prestige of Pidgin languages is very low. Many pidgins are `contact vernaculars', may only exist for one speech event. Creole (orig. person of European descent born and raised in a tropical colony) is a language that was originally a pidgin but has become nativized, i.e. a community of speakers claims it as their first language. Next used to designate the language(s) of people of Caribbean and African descent in colonial and ex-colonial countries (Jamaica, Haiti, Mauritius, Réunion, Hawaii, Pitcairn, etc.) |
| idiolect | is a variety of language that is unique to a person, as manifested by the patterns of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation that they use. Conceptually, the language production of each person, the idiolect, is unique; linguists disagree what underlying knowledge of a language, or of a given dialect, is shared among the speakers. |
| regional dialects | -variations by geography, region and sounds-morphology-sounds-syntax-lexical iffferences-/r/ deletion, intrusive /r/ examples, adding in "r's" . Inervocalic-/s/ vs /z/ gris nothern, and griz midland |
| code switching | using two different languages or dialects within a stretch of discourse. Spanglish |
| covert prestige/overt prestige | standard form/ often associated with non-standard forms, regions, and speech communities. |
| speech communities | s a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language.[1] Exactly how to define speech community is debated in the literature. Definitions of speech community tend to involve varying degrees of emphasis on the following: Shared community membership Shared linguistic communication |
| communities of practice | is, according to cognitive anthropologists Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger, a group of people who share a craft and/or a profession. The group can evolve naturally because of the members' common interest in a particular domain or area, or it can be created specifically with the goal of gaining knowledge related to their field. It is through the process of sharing information and experiences with the group that the members learn from each other, and have an opportunity to develop themselves personally and professionally |
| language change from above | Change from above: § Introduced by the dominant social class (not necessarily =the highest one!) § Usually borrowings from higher-prestige Speech Communities § First appears in careful speech style § Inconsistent with the vernacular § Correlated with changes in other features § Thus may refuse integration into the vernacular system, and achieve the status of a ‘coexistent system’ § Example: (R)-fulness (=R-insertion) in NYC; sph- words in English |
| change from below | Change from below: § Not driven by extra-linguistic (=social) factors: § “Systematic changes that appear first in the vernacular, & represent the operation of internal, linguistic factors… § May be introduced by any social class” (Labov 1994:79) § Local identity and status are primary motivations for this type of change § Ex: (aw), (ay) centralization in Martha’s Vineyard (Labov 1963, described in Downes chap. 7) |
| Type of speaker | regional or ethnic orgin, social econ status, education, age, sex |
| topic of speech | politics, linguistics, family topics, argument |
| genre of speech | casual talk, interview, sermon, lecture |
| medium of speech | spoken, written, mixed; computer/television |
| situation of speech | classroom, bar, walk in the park, at home |
| degree of formality | casual to formal and everything in between |
| types of speech act | statement, command, question, request |
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Pacific Grove Middle School |
| Pacific Grove, CA |
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