| A | B |
|---|
| Babylonian Captivity | Avignon Papacy |
| John Wycliffe | English clergyman who questioned transubstantiation in 1300s |
| Humanism | Interest in letters, power of knowledge, glorification of the mind |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Author of the first secular political treatise in modern times |
| Thomas Hobbes | Wrote Leviathan and believed that people are bad and strong government is good |
| John Locke | Wrote Two Treatises on Government and developed the concept of contract government |
| Charles V | HRE and King of Spain who unsuccessfully attempted to maintain universal monarchy |
| Peace of Augsburg | Ended first phase of religious wars -- "Cuius regio, eius religio" -- victory for stateism |
| Treaty of Westphalia | Recognition of sovereign states -- end of religious wars and Universal Catholic Church |
| Martin Luther | Justification by faith -- Church dominated by state -- importance of Bible |
| John Calvin | The elect -- Theocracy -- appealed to middle class -- predestination |
| Ignatius Loyala | Founded the Jesuit order as part of the Catholic Reformation |
| Erasmus | Need for Church reform -- importance of unity of church for civilization |
| Hapsburgs | Ruling family in HRE and Spain |
| Inquisition | Instrument to maintain religious conformity |
| Anabaptists | Left-wing protestant factions slaughtered in Munster |
| Huguenots | French Calvinists |
| Francis Bacon | Author of New Atlantis who predicted that science would save the human race |
| Nicholaus Copernicus | Polish mathematician who argued for heliocentric universe |
| Johannes Kepler | Used mathematics to show that planetary orbits are elliptical |
| Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer who used his telescope to observe the planets |
| Isaac Newton | Described his 3 Laws of Motion in the Principia |
| Rene Descartes | "I think, therefore I am." -- developed scientific method |
| Stuarts | Divine right kings of England in the 17th century |
| Henry IV | First French king to officially extend religious tolerance in the Edict of Nantes |
| Cardinal Richelieu | Made king supreme in France and France supreme in Europe |
| Cardinal Mazarin | Advisor to Louis XIV |
| Fronde | Unsuccessful aristocratic uprising to stop growing royal absolutism |
| Louis XIV | Pinnacle of royal absolutism -- War became monopoly of the state |
| Jean Baptiste Colbert | Five Great Farms -- organized financial system to support royal absolutism |
| Schmalkaldic League | Lutheran princes opposed to Charles V |
