| A | B |
|---|
| verstehen | Put yourself in someone else's shoes |
| rationalization | emphasis placed on knowledge, reason, planning |
| positivism | knowledge should be based of scientific observation |
| bourgeoisie | ruling class |
| proletariat | workers who well overthrow ruling class |
| capitalist | owns means of production |
| theoretical perspective | set of assumptions accepted as true |
| functionalism | emphasizes contributions of each group |
| manifest functions | intended outcomes |
| latent functions | unintended outcomes |
| dysfunction | negative aspects of something in society |
| conflict perspective | emphasizes competition, conflict in society |
| symbolic interactionism | interaction based on mutually accepted symbols |
| dramaturgy | human interaction as theatrical performance |
| population | group with certain specified characteristics |
| sample | group that represents larger population |
| representative sample | accurately reflects population as whole |
| secondary analysis | use of pre-collected data |
| participant observation | researcher as part of studied group |
| mean | average |
| median | half are above, half are below |
| mode | happens most frequently |
| causation | one event leads to another |
| multiple causation | many events together cause a reaction |
| variable | subject to change |
| quantitative | measured numerically |
| qualitative | present or absent in a category |
| independent variable | causes something |
| dependent variable | reflects a change |
| correlation | relationship between two variables |
| hypothesis | testable statement |
| perspective | point of view |
| sociology | study of social structure/interaction/behavior |
| sociological perspective | focus on groups not individuals |
| sociological imagination | see link between society and self |
| Auguste Comte | Founder of sociology |
| Harriet Martineau | founded feminism |
| Herbert Spencer | proponent of social darwinism |
| Karl Marx | Conflict theorist, founded Communism |
| Emile Durkheim | used statistical methods in sociology first |
| Max Weber | sociologist pushed verstehen and rationalization |
| Jane Addams | Hull House was her thing |
| culture | characteristics shared by a society |
| instincts | unlearned patterns of behavior |
| reflex | automatic reaction to physical stimulus |
| sociobiologist | studies biological basis of human behavior |
| symbol | stands for or represents something else |
| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis | our reality depends largely on our language |
| norms | define appropriate and inappropriate behavior |
| folkways | norms w/o moral significance |
| mores | norms with moral dimensions |
| taboo | violations lead to serious consequences |
| law | norm formalized and enforced by officials |
| sanctions | rewards and punishments |
| formal sanctions | rewards/punishments by persons with authority |
| values | broad ideas shared by society |
| material culture | concrete, tangible culture |
| non-material culture | ideas, knowledge and beliefs that influence behavior |
| ideal culture | guidelines that people only claim to follow |
| real culture | actual behavior of group members |
| subculture | part of whole, but different |
| counterculture | opposed to dominant cultural beliefs |
| ethnocentrism | judging from your own standards |
| cultural universals | traits that exist in all cultures |
| cultural particulars | how universals are carried out |
| socialization | process of learning to belong |
| self-concept | image as different from others |
| looking-glass self | how you percieve others see you |
| significant others | people whose reactions are most important to you |
| "me" | formed through socialization |
| "I" | spontaneous self |
| hidden curriculum | informal, unofficial aspects of culture |
| peer group | individuals of roughly same age, interests |
| mass media | communication for all |
| desocialization | giving up old norms, values,etc. |
| resocialization | adopting new norms, values, etc. |
| total institutions | place where separated and controlled by others |
| status | position within social structure |
| caste | unable to move in class |
| ascribed status | neither earned nor chosen |
| achieved status | position earned or chosen |
| master status | position with most impact on a person |
| role | expected behavior w/ certain status |
| right | behavior that can be expected from others |
| obligation | expected behavior towards others |
| social interaction | process of influencing others |
| role conflict | two roles don't always jive |
| group | 2 or more people with shared goal |
| primary group | group who are emotionally close |
| primary relationships | interactions that are intimate |
| in-group | membership requires intense loyalty |
| social network | web of relationships for a person |
| cooperation | combine efforts to reach goal |
| conflict | interaction aimed at defeating others |
| social exchange | performed w/ expectation of getting a return |
| coercion | use of force to achieve goal |
| conformity | behavior that meets group expectations |
| groupthink | going against own beliefs to stay in group |
| power | ability to control behavior of others |
| authority | socially approved use of power |
| deviance | behavior that departs from norms |
| internal control | behavior controlled by oneself |
| external control | behavior controlled by fear of sanction |
| strain theory | deviance caused by inability to meet goal |
| labeling theory | deviance caused by identifying as deviant |
| primary deviance | occasional violation of norms |
| secondary deviance | life organized around breaking norms |
| stigma | label or undesirable trait |
| victim discounting | reduced seriousness due to victim status |
| white collar crime | non-violent, job-related crime |
| crime | violation of law |
| deterrence | discourage by punishment possible |
| retribution | punishment = compensation for crime |
| incarceration | protect society by imprisoning |
| rehabilitation | change criminal/make better |
| social stratification | rank based on access to resources |
| income | money coming in regularly |
| wealth | total value of person's assets |
| prestige | recognition, respect, admiration |
| working poor | works but unable to escape poverty |
| underclass | unemployed for generations |
| caste system | unable to move social classes |
| minority | group different from dominant group |
| race | shared, inherited physical characteristics |
| assimilation | blending minority with dominant group |
| cultural pluralism | retain some traits from homeland |
| genocide | systematic destruction of another group |
| dejure segregation | done by law |
| defacto segregation | just the way it is |
| prejudice | negative attitude toward group |
| racism | feeling of superiority over a group |
| discrimination | treat group different due to characteristic |
| hate crime | crime based on prejudice |
| stereotype | distorted, exaggerated image |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | they say you are - so you do |
| sex | male/female based on biology |
| gender | learned sense of being M/F |
| ageism | discrimination based on age |
| marriage | legal union based on obligations |
| nuclear family | parents and children |
| patriarch | male head of family |
| matriarch | female head of family |
| patrilineal | trace ancestory through father |
| matrilineal | trace ancestory through mother |
| monogamy | one man and one woman |
| polygamy | having more than one spouse |
| polygyny | one man with more women |
| polyandry | one woman with more men |
| endogamy | marriage with own group |
| exogamy | marriage outside own group |
| homogamy | marriage to one similar to self |
