| A | B |
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| upper respiratory tract consists of | nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea |
| lower respiratory tract consists of | the bronchial tree and lungs |
| nasal septum | wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections |
| Mucous membrane | specialized form of epithelial tissue that lines the nose and respiratory system |
| Mucus | secreted by the mucous membranes; helps to moisten, warm, and filter the air as it enters the nose |
| cilia | thin hairs located just inside the nostrils; filter incoming air to remove debris |
| olfactory receptors | for the sense of smell; are nerve endings located in the mucous membrane in the upper part of the nasal cavity |
| tonsils | form a protective circle around the entrance to the respiratory system |
| sinus | air-filled cavity within a bone that is lined with mucous membrane |
| functions of the sinuses | to make the bones of the skull lighter; to help produce sound by giving resonance to the voice; to produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity |
| paranasal sinuses | located in the bones of the skull |
| Maxillary sinuses | located in the maxillary bones and are the largest of the paranasal sinuses |
| Frontal sinuses | located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows |
| ethmoid sinuses | located in the ethmoid bones; are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital cavity only by a thin layer of bone |
| sphenoid sinuses | located in the sphenoid bone; are close to the optic nerves; an infection here can damage vision |
| pharynx | throat |
| nasopharynx | posterior to the nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth |
| oropharynx | portion that is visible when looking into the mouth; shared by the respiratory and digestive systems |
| laryngopharynx | continues downward to the openings of the esophagus and trachea |
| epiglottis | lidlike structure located at the base of the tongue; swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so food does not enter the trachea and the lungs |
| larynx | voice box; triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachea |
| thyroid cartilage | Adam's apple |
| larynx contains the | vocal cords |
| trachea | windpipe; extends from the neck into the chest; is directly in front of the esophagus and is held open by a series of C-shaped cartilage rings |
| trachea divides into two branches called | bronchi |
| bronchioles | bronchus divides and subdivides into increasingly smaller bronchi; smallest branches of the bronchi |
| Alveoli | air sacs; very small grapelike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole; surrounded by a network of microscopic pulmonary capillaries; during respiration, the gas exchange between the alveolar air and the pulmonary capillary blood occurs thru the walls of the alveoli |
| lobe | division of the lungs |
| right lung | 3 lobes; the superior, middle, and inferior |
| left lung | 2 lobes: superior and inferior |
| mediastinum (interpleural space) | located between the lungs; contains the thoracic viscera including the heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, and thymus gland |
| ;leura | multilayered membrane that surrounds each lung with its blood vessels and nerves |
| parietal pleura | outer layer of the pleura; lines the thoracic cavity and forms the sac containing each lung |
| visceral pleura | inner layer of pleura; closely surrounds the lung tissue |
| pleural space (pleural cavity) | airtight space between the folds of the pleural membranes; contains a watery lubricating fluid that preents friction when the membranes rub together during respiration |
| diaphragm | muscle that separtates the throacic cavity from the abdomen; the contraction and relaxation of this muscle that makes breathing possible |
| phrenic nerve | stimulates the diaphragm and causes it to contract |
| Respiration | exchange of gases that are essential to life; occurs in the lungs as external respiration adn on a cellular level as internal respiration |
| Breathing | act of bringing air into and out of the lungs |
| Inhalation (inhaling) | act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward; this action causes the thoracic cavity to expand |
| Exhalation | act of breathing out; as the diaphragm relaxes, it moves upward, causing the thoracic cavity to become narrower |
| as air is inhaled into the alveoli | oxygen immediately passes into the surrounding capillaries and is carried by the erythrocytes (RBC) to all body cells; at the same time, the waste product carbon dioxide passes from the capillaries into the airspaces of the lungs to be exhaled |
| internal respiration | exchane of gases within the cells of all the body organs and tissues; oxygen passes from the bloodstream into the tissue cells |
| otolaryngologist (otorhinolaryngologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the ears, nose, and throat |
| pulmonologist | physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the lungs and associated tissues |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | general term used to describe a group of respiratory conditions characterized by chronic airflow limitations |
| Asthma | chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing; breathing difficulty is caused by swelling and inflammation of the lining of the airways, the production of thick mucus, and tightening of the muscles that surround the airways |
| Bronchiectasis | chronic dilation of bronchi or bronchioles resulting from an earlier lung infection that was not cured |
| ectasis | enlargement |
| Emphysema | progressive loss of lung function due to a decrease in the total number of alveoli, the enlargement of the remaining alveoli, and then the progressive destruction of their walls; breathing becomes rapid, shallow, and difficult; the lungs expand and the chest enlarges in a barrel shape |
| Smoker's respiratory syndrome (SRS) | group of symptoms seen in smokers: cough, wheezing, vocal hoarseness, pharyngitis, difficult breathing, and susceptibility to respiratory infections |
| Allergic rhinitis (allergy) | allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus |
| Croup | acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and a barking cough |
| Diphtheria | acute infectious disease of the throat and upper respiraory tract caused by the presence of diphtheria bacteria; can be prevented thru immunization |
| Epistaxix (nosebleed) | bleeding from the nose, usually caused by an injury, excessive use of blood thinners, or bleeding disorders |
| Influenza (flu) | acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection, spread by respiratory droplets, that occurs most commonly during the colder months; some strains of influenza can be prevented by annual immunization |
| Pertussis (whooping cough) | contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by a paroxysmal cough; can be prevented thru immunization |
| paroxysmal | sudden or spasm like |
| Rhinorrhea (runny nose) | excessive flow of mucus from the nose |
| Sinusitis | inflammation of the sinuses |
| Upper respiratory infection (URI) and acute nasopharyngitis | common cold |
| Pharyngitis (sore throat) | inflammation of the pharynx |
| Pharyngorrhagia | bleeding from the pharynx |
| Pharyngorrhea | discharge of mucus form the pharynx |
| Laryngoplegia | paralysis of the larynx |
| laryngospasm | sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx |
| Aphonia | loss of the ability to produce normal speech sounds |
| Dysphonia | any voice impairment including hoarseness, weakness, or loss of voice |
| Laryngitis | inflammation of the larynx; commonly used to dexcribe voice loss caused by the inflammation |
| Tracheitis | inflammation of the trachea |
| Tracheorrhagia | bleeding from the trachea |
| Bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchial walls; usually caused by an infection; may be caused by irritants such as smoking |
| Bronchorrhagia | bleeding from the bronchi |
| Bronchorrhea | excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi |
| Pleurisy | inflammation of the visceral and parietal pleura in the thoracic cavity |
| Pleuralgia | pain in the pleura or in the side |
| Pneumothorax | accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space causing the lung to collapse |
| pleural effusion | abnormal escape of fluid into the pleural cavity that prevents the lung form fully expanding |
| Effusion | the escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissues or a cavity |
| Empyema (pyothorax) | accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity; usually the result of a primary infection of the lungs |
| Hemothorax | accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity |
| Hemoptysis | spitting of blood or blood-stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | type of lung failure resutling from many different disorders that cause pulmonary edema |
| Pulmonary edema | accumulation of fluid in lung tissues |
| Pneumorrhagia | bleeding from the lungs |
| Atelectasis (collapsed lung) | condition in which the lung fails to expand because air cannot pass beyond the bronchioles that are blocked by secretions |
| Tuberculosis | infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; usually attacks the lungs; may attack other parts of the body; healthy person may carry TB but not get the disease; most commonly occurs when the immune system is weakened by another condition |
| Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) | dangerous form of TB because the germs have become resistant to the effect of most TB drugs |
| Pneumonia | inflammation of the lungs in which the air sacs fill with pus and other liquid; fluid is known as exudate (accumulated fluid in a cavity that has penetrated thru vessel walls into the adjoining tissue |
| Main causes of pneumonia | baceria, viruses, fungi, or inhaled substances such as chemical irritants or vomit |
| Bacterial pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumnoniae) | only form of pneumonia that can be prevented thru vaccination |
| Viral pneumonia | accounts for approx half of all pneumopnias and may be complicated by an infasion of bacteria with all of the symptoms of bacterial pneumonia |
| Lobar pneumonia | affects one or more lobes of a lung |
| Bronchopneumonia | form of pneumonia that begins in the bronchioles |
| Double pneumonia | involves both lungs |
| Aspiration pneumonia | may occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs |
| aspiration | inhaling or drawing a foreign substance into the upper respiratory tract or withdrawal by suction of fluids or gases from a body cavity |
| Mycoplasma pneumonia (mycoplasmal or walking pneumonia) | milder but longer lasting form of the disease caused by the fungus Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia | caused by an infection with the parasite Pneumocystis carinii; is an opportunistic infection that frequently occurs when the immune sywtem is weakened by an HIV infection |
| Pneumoconiosis | abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs that usually develops after years of environmental or occupational contact; causes cell death and fibrosis of the lung tissues; named for the causative agents |
| Anthracosis (black lung diseasse) | caused by coal dust in the lungs |
| Asbestosis | caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and is found in workers from the shipbuilding and construction trades |
| Byssinosis (brown lung disease) | caused by cotton, flax, or hemp dust in the lungs |
| Silicosis (grinder's disease) | caused by silica dust or glass in the lungs |
| Pulmonary Fibrosis | formation of scar tissue that replaces the pulmonary alveolar walls |
| Fibrosis | abnormal formation of fibrous tissue |
| Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) | type of pulmonary fibrosis for which a cause cannot be identified |
| idiopathic | without known cause |
| Cystic fibrosis (CF) | genetic disorder where the lungs are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus; antibiotics are administered to control lung infections and daily physical therapy (postural drainage) is performed to remove excess mucus from the lungs; digestive system is also impaired by thick gluelike mucus that interferes with digestive juices; digestive enzymes are administered to aid the digestive system |
| Eupnea | easy or normal breathing; baseline for judging some breathing disorders |
| Tachypnea | abnormally rapid rate of respiration usually of more than 20 breaths per minute |
| Bradypnea | abnormally slow rate of respiration usually of less than 10 breaths per minute |
| Apnea | absence of spontaneous respiration |
| Sleep apnea syndromes (SAS) | group of potenially deadly disorders in which breathing repeatedly stops during sleep for long enough periods to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels |
| Cheyne-Stokes respiration | pattern of alternating periods of hyperpnea, hypo;nea and apnea |
| Dyspnea (shortness of breath) | difficult or labored breathing |
| Hyperpnea | abnormal increase in the depth and rate of the respiratory movements |
| Hypopnea | shallow or slow respiration |
| Hyperventilation | abnormally rapid deep breathing, resulting in decreased levels of carbon dioxide at the cellular level |
| airway obstruction | food or a foreign object blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs; is a life-threatening emergency requiring immediate action usually by the abdominal (Heimlich) maneuver |
| Anoxia | absence or almost complete absence of oxygenfrom inspired gases, aterial blood, or tissues; if anoxia continues for more than 4 - 6 minutes, irreversible brain damage may occur |
| Asphyxia | pathologic changes caused by a lack of oxygen in air tha is breathed in; this produces anoxia and hypoxia |
| Asphyxiation (suffocation) | any interruption of breathing resulting in the loss of consciousness or death; can be caused by an airway obstruction, drowning, smothering, choking, or inhaling gases such as carbon monoxide |
| Cyanosis | bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen |
| Hypoxia | condition of having subnormal oxygen levels in the cells that is less severe than anoxia |
| Respiratory failure | condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangeroulsy low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high |
| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS or crib death) | sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy infant between the ages of two weeks and one year that typically occurs while the infant is sleeping; happens more often among babies who sleep on their stomach |
| Reapiratory rate (RR) | amportant diagnostic sign; counted as the number of respirations per minute; consists of one inhalation and one wxhalation; normal range for adults is 15 - 20 respirations per minute |
| Pulmonary function tests (PFT's) | group of tests used to measure the capacity of the lungs to hold air as well as their ability to move air in and out and to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| Phlegm | thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages; when ejected thru the mouth it is called sputum; sputum may be used for diagnostic purposes |
| Bronchoscopy | visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchosope; may also be used for operative procedures such as a tissue repair or the removal of a foreign object |
| Laryngoscopy | visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope; may also be used for operative procedures such as tissue repair or the removal of a foreign object |
| Spirometry | testing method that uses a spirometer to record the volume of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time each breath takes |
| Tuberculin skin testing (TST) (Mantoux method or PPD - purified protein derivative) | screening test to detect tuberculosis; negative result indicates no TB; positive result indicates the possibility of disease and should be followed by additional testing such as a chest x-ray and sputum testing |
| Chest imaging (chest x-rays) | valuable tool to show pneumonia, lung tumors, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, TB, and emphysema |
| bronchoconstrictor | agent that narrows the opening of the passages into the lungs |
| bronchodilator | agent that e3xpands the opening of the passages into the lungs |
| Septoplasty | surgical reconstruction of the nasal septum |
| sinusotomy | surgical incision into a sinus; used in the treatment of chronic sinusitis |
| Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FSS) | surgical enlargement of the opening between the nose and sinus that is used to treat chronic sinusitis |
| Pharyngoplasty | surgical repair of the pharynx |
| pharyngostomy | surgical creation of an artificial opening into the pharynx |
| pharyngotomy | surgical incision of the pharynx |
| laryngectomy | surgical removal of the larynx |
| Laryngoplasty | surgical repair of the larynx |
| Endotracheal intubation | passage of a tube thru the nose or mouth into the trachea to establish an airway |
| intubation | insertion of a tube |
| Tracheoplasty | surgical repair of the trachea |
| Tracheorrhaphy | suturing of the trachea |
| tracheotomy | usually an emergency procedure where an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage |
| tracheostomy | creating an opening into the trachea and inserting a tube to facilitate the passage of air or the removal of secretions; may be temporary or permanent; resulting opening is called a stoma |
| stoma | opening on a body surface |
| pneumonectomy | surgical removal of all or part of a lung |
| lobectomy | surgical removal of a lobe of the lung |
| pleurectomy | surgical removal of part of the pleura |
| Thoracentesis | puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity for diagnostic purposes, to drain pleural effusions, or to reexpand a collapsed lung |
| thoracotomy | surgical incision into the wall of the chest |
| thoracostomy | surgical creation of an opening into the chest |
| Supplemental oxygen | may be administered thru a nasal canula or rebreather mask to add more oxygen to the air taken in |
| Postural drainage | procedure in which the pt is tilted and propped at different angles to drain secretions from the lungs |
| ventilator | mechanical device for artificial ventilation of the lungs that is used to replace or supplement the pt's natural breathing function; goal is to wean the pt from the ventilator and to resume breathing on his own |
| respirator | machine used for prolonged artificial respiration |
