| A | B |
|---|
| Urinalysis | An exam of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements |
| Abscess | Collection of pus |
| Albuminuria | Protein in the urine; may indicate a leak in the glomerular membranes. |
| Asymptomatic | Pertaining to without symptoms |
| Anuria | No urine is produced |
| Antidiuretic Hormone | Secreted by the pituitary gland; helps to reabsorb water from renal tubules back into bloodstream |
| Azotemia | Nitrogen (increased amounts of nitrogenous wastes) in the blood |
| Bilirubinuria | Excessive bilirubin in the urine |
| Acidosis | Abnormal condition of increased acidity of the blood due to the presence of ketones in the blood |
| Arteriole | A small artery |
| Bacteriuria | Bacteria in the urine |
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | Test that measures the amount of urea in the blood |
| Bladder cancer | Malignant tumor of the urinary bladder |
| Bowman Capsule | Cup-shaped capsule surrounding each glomerulus |
| Caliceal | Pertaining to a calyx |
| Catheter | A tube for injecting or removing fluids |
| Foley Catheter | An indwelling (left in the bladder) tube held in place by a balloon inflated with air or liquid |
| Caliectasis | Dilation of a calyx |
| Creatinine | Waste product of muscle metabolism; nitrogenous waste excreted in urine |
| Creatinine Clearance Test | Test that measures the ability of the kidneys to remove creatinine from the blood |
| Cortex | Outer region; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney |
| Cortical | Pertaining to the cortex or outer area of an organ |
| Calix (Calyx) | Cup-like collection region of the renal pelvis. Plural: Calices/Calyces |
| Calyceal | Pertaining to a calyx |
| Cystectomy | Removal of the urinary bladder |
| CT Scans | X-ray views of the kidneys with or without contrast material |
| Diabetes Insipidus | Inadequate secretion by the pituitary gland or resistance of the kidney to the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| Cystitis | Inflammation of the urinary bladder |
| Diuresis | Condition of complete (excessive) urination |
| Cystostomy | New opening of the bladder to the outside of the body |
| Dialysis | Waste materials such as urea are separated from the bloodstream when the kidneys can no longer function |
| Cystocele | Hernia of the urinary bladder |
| Diabetes Mellitus | Inadequate secretion of insulin by the pancreas or improper utilization of insulin |
| Cystoscopy | Visual exam of the urinary bladder by means of a cystoscope |
| Cystourethrogram | Record (x-ray) of the urinary bladder and urethra |
| Dysuria | Difficult, painful urination |
| Edema | Swelling due to fluid in tissue spaces |
| Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) | Shock waves are used to crush urinary tract stones |
| Electrolyte | A chemical that carries an electrical charge in a solution |
| Enuresis | Bedwetting (Literally: in urine) |
| Erythropoietin | A hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow |
| Glycosuria | Sugar in the urine. Sugar is not normally found in the urine; it indicates diabetes mellitus. |
| Glomerulonephritis | Inflammation of the kidney glomerulus (Bright's Disease). Red blood cells and protein leak into the urine. |
| Gross | Visible to the naked eye |
| Hematuria | Blood in the urine |
| Filtration | Process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter or other material. Blood pressure forces materials through the filter. |
| Glomerulus | The collection of microscopic capillaries, shaped in the form of a tiny ball in the cortex of the kidney. Plural: Glomeruli |
| Glomerular | Pertaining to the glomerulus |
| Hemodialysis | Use of an artificial kidney machine that filters waste-filled blood and returns it to the patient's body |
| Hilum | Depression or pit in that part of an organ where blood vessels & nerves enter and leave |
| Hydronephrosis | Abnormal condition of excess fluid (water) in the kidney |
| Hyperuricemia | High levels of uric acid in the blood; often associated with gouty arthritis |
| Ketone Bodies | Breakdown products from fat catabolism in cells; also called acetones |
| Interstitial Nephritis | Inflammation of the renal interstitium (connective tissue between the renal tubules) |
| Intravenous Pyelogram | Contrast material injected within a vein travels to the kidney where it is filtered into the urine. X-rays are then taken to provide a test of renal function. |
| Ketonuria | Ketone bodies (acids and acetones) in the urine |
| Ketosis | Abnormal condition of ketones in the blood and body tissues; often ketoacidosis because acids accumulate in the blood and tissues |
| KUB | X-ray (no contrast material is used) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, showing the size and location of kidneys in relation to other organs. |
| Kidney | One of 2 bean-shaped organs located behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region (retroperitoneal area) |
| Lithotripsy | Process of crushing a stone (ultrasonically) in the urinary tract into tiny pieces so they can be excreted in the urine |
| Meatal Stenosis | Narrowing of the meatus (opening of the urethra to the outside of the body) |
| Meatotomy | Incision of the meatus |
| MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging; a high-tech machine that uses magnetic waves to produce an image of internal organs based on the movement of small particles called protons |
| Meatus | Opening or canal |
| Medulla | Inner region; the renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney |
| Micturition | Urination; the act of voiding |
| Medullary | Pertaining to the medulla |
| Nephrohypertrophy | Enlargement of the kidney |
| Nephrostomy | New opening of the kidney to the outside of the body |
| Nitrogenous Wastes | Substances containing nitrogen and excreted in urine |
| Nephrolithiasis | Abnormal condition of kidney stones (renal calculi). Kidney stones are usually composed of uric acid or calcium salts. |
| Nocturia | Excessive urination at night |
| Nephrolithotomy | Incision to remove a kidney stone |
| Oliguria | Scanty urination |
| Nephropathy | Disease of the kidney |
| Nephrorrhagia | Hemorrhage from the kidney |
| Nephroptosis | Prolapse or downward displacement of the kidney |
| Noctiphobia | An irrational fear of night or darkness |
| Paranephric | Pertaining to near the kidney |
| Nephrosclerosis | Hardening of the kidneys (arterioles) |
| Peritoneal Dialysis | Using a catheter (tube), fluid is introduced into the peritoneal cavity to remove wastes from the blood |
| Nephrotic Syndrome | A group of symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in the urine; also called nephrosis |
| Perivesical | Pertaining to surrounding the bladder |
| Panendoscope | A cystoscope that gives a wide-angle view of the bladder |
| Nephrotomography | Process of recording (x-ray) the kidney by taking a series of pictures to show the organ in depth |
| Phenylketonuria | An inherited disorder in infants in which the enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine is defective. Unless phenylalanine is excluded from the diet, it builds up and causes mental retardation. |
| Polycystic Kidneys | Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and upon the kidney. A hereditary condition that usually shows symptoms in adult life. |
| Polydipsia | Condition of increased thirst |
| Polyuria | Excessive urination. Symptom of both diabetes mellitus & diabetes insipidus. |
| Pyelogram | Record (x-ray) of the renal pelvis |
| Potassium & Sodium | Minerals (electrolytes) that maintain normal heart rhythm, regulate the body's water balance, and are responsible for conduction of nerve impulses & contraction of muscles |
| pH | Test of the chemical nature of urine--to what degree a urine sample is acid or alkaline (basic). Range is from 0 (very acid) to 14 (very alkaline). |
| Pyuria | Pus in the urine |
| Pyelolithotomy | Incision of the renal pelvis to remove a stone |
| Renal Angiography | Contrast material is injected into the bloodstream and x-rays taken of the blood vessels of the kidney |
| Pyelonephritis | Inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal medulla caused by bacterial infection |
| Renal Calculi | Kidney stones |
| Renal Colic | Kidney pain resulting from a stone in the ureter or kidney |
| Renal Tubules | Microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed and where water, sugar, and salts are reabsorbed into the bloodstream |
| Renal Dialysis | Complete separation of waste materials (urea, creatinine, uric acid) from the blood using a kidney machine or fluid in the peritoneum |
| Renin | A hormone synthesized, stored, and secreted by the kidney that helps maintain blood pressure |
| Renal Cell Carcinoma | Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood |
| Retrograde Pyelogram | Contrast material is introduced directly into the bladder and ureters through a cystoscope |
| Radioisotope Studies | A radioactive substance is injected into the bloodstream in small amounts and taken by the kidneys to show the size and shape of the kidney and its function |
| Renal Failure | Failure of the kidney to excrete urine |
| Renal Pelvis | Central collecting region in the kidney |
| Renal Artery | Carries blood to the kidney |
| Reabsorption | The process of accepting again or taking back; materials necessary to the body are reabsorbed into the blood from the renal tubules as urine is formed |
| Secondary Hypertension | High blood pressure caused by an abnormal condition, such as renal artery stenosis |
| Essential Hypertension | High blood pressure wherein the cause is unknown |
| Renal Hypertension | High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease |
| Stricture | An abnormal narrowing of an opening or passageway |
| Specific Gravity | Urinalysis test to determine the amount of wastes, minerals, and solids in the urine; it compares the density of urine with that of water. |
| Renal Ischemia | Holding back of blood flow to the kidney |
| Staging of a Tumor | Measurement of its extent of spread within the body |
| Grade of a Tumor | A tumor's degree of maturity |
| Sediment | Urinalysis tests to determine if abnormal particles are present in the urine (epithelial cells, white blood cells, bacteria, etc.) |
| Renal Vein | Carries blood away from the kidney |
| Renal Biopsy | Biopsy of the kidney may be performed at the time of surgery (open) or through the skin (closed) |
| Trigone | Triangular area in the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits |
| Urea | Major nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine |
| Trigonitis | Inflammation of the trigone (area in the bladder) |
| Tomography | An x-ray process whereby a series of x-ray pictures are taken to show an organ in varying depths |
| Renal Transplantation | Placement of a kidney from one person (donor) into another (host) |
| Uremia | Urea (urine) in the blood; a potentially fatal condition |
| Ultrasonography | A procedure using sound waves to diagnose kidney size, tumors, hydronephrosis, etc. No information about renal function is obtained. |
| Ureter | One of two tubes leading from the kidney to the bladder |
| Ureteroneocystostomy | Surgical transplantation of a ureter to a different site in the bladder. |
| Urethral Stricture | Narrowing of the urethra |
| Ureteroileostomy | New opening between a ureter and the ileum (for removal of urine after cystectomy) |
| Urethra | Tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the body |
| Ureterolithotomy | Incision of a ureter to remove a stone |
| Urethritis | Inflammation of the urethra |
| Ureteroplasty | Surgical repair of the ureter |
| Urethroplasty | Surgical repair of a urethra |
| Uric Acid | Nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine |
| Urinary Incontinence | Inability to hold urine in the bladder |
| Stress Incontinence | Incontinence due to strain on the bladder when coughing or sneezing |
| Urgency Incontinence | Inability to hold back urination when feeling the urge to void |
| Urinary Retention | Inability to release urine from the bladder |
| Vesicoureteral Reflux | Backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureters |
| Voiding | Expelling urine; micturition |
| Cystorrhea | Discharge from the bladder |
| Urothelium | The bladder wall |
| Wilms' Tumor | Malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood |
| Voiding Cystourethrogram | Bladder is filled with contrast material and x-rays are taken of the bladder and urethra as a patient is expelling urine |
| Vesical | Pertaining to the bladder |
| Vesicle | A small blister on the skin |
| Urinary Bladder | Sac that holds urine |
| Ureterostenosis | Narrowing of a ureter |
| Ureterectasis | Ureter dilation |
| Turbid | Cloudy |
| Clean Catch Specimen | Urine sample obtained after cleaning off the urinary opening and collecting a sample in midstream (halfway through the urination process) to minimize contamination |
| ADH (Abbreviation) | Antidiuretic Hormone |
| ARF (Abbreviation) | Acute Renal Failure |
| BUN (Abbreviation) | Blood Urea Nitrogen |
| Cath (Abbreviation) | Catheter, catheterization |
| CRF (Abbreviation) | Chronic Renal Failure |
| ESRD (Abbreviation) | End-Stage Renal Disease |
| HD (Abbreviations) | Hemodialysis |
| IVP (Abbreviation) | Intravenous Pyelogram |
| K + (Abbreviation) | Potassium, an electrolyte |
| KUB (Abbreviation) | Kidney, ureter, and bladder |
| Na + (Abbreviation) | Sodium, an electrolyte |
| pH (Abbreviation) | Symbol for degree of acidity or alkalinity |
| PKU (Abbreviation) | phenylketonuria |
| UA (Abbreviation) | Urinalysis |
| UTI (Abbreviation) | Urinary tract infection |
| ESWL (Abbreviation) | Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy |
| PD (Abbreviation) | Peritoneal dialysis |
| sp gr (Abbreviation) | specific gravity |
