| A | B |
|---|
| Heredity | Passing of traits from a parent to its offspring |
| Gregor Mendel | "Father of Genetics" |
| Pea | Type of plant Mendel did his genetic research on |
| Traits | Characteristics like eye color, height, hair color, blood type, etc. |
| Why Mendel used pea plants | Reproduce and grow quickly, Contained 2 opposing types for each trait, and Easy to breed |
| Flower | Reproductive structure in a plant |
| Pollination | Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma |
| Self-Pollination | Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma within a single plant |
| Cross-Pollination | Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma between two different plants |
| Pistil | Female reproductive structure in the flower |
| Stamen | Male reproductive structure in the flower |
| Stigma | Sticky end of the style which traps pollen |
| Style | Supports and positions the stigma to ensure pollination |
| Ovary | Contains the eggs/ovules |
| Anther | Produces pollen |
| Filament | Supports and positions the anther to ensure pollination |
| Petal | Protects flower and attracts animals for pollination |
| Sepal | Protects the flower bud |
| Pollen | Contains the male reproductive cell: sperm |
| Ovules/Eggs | Female reproductive cell, when fertilized becomes the seed |
| Fertilization | Union of the egg and sperm |
| Purebred or True-breeding | Always produce offspring with the same traits as the parents |
| Law of Segregation | Parent's gene pairs separate during meiosis |
| Gametes | The sex cells: in females, the egg and in males, the sperm |
| Meiosis | Type of nuclear division responsible for making the sex cells which only contain 1/2 the number of chromosomes as body cells |
| Germ Cell | Cell in the reproductive organs, which divides to make sex cells during meiosis |
| Law of Dominance and Recessiveness | When a dominant gene is paired with a recessive gene, the trait that is expressed (observed) in the offspring is dominant |
| Alleles | Different types of a single gene |
| Two | Number of alleles that determines a single trait |
| Letters | Used to represent the alleles |
| Capitalized | How dominant alleles are written |
| Lower-cased | How recessive alleles are written |
| Genotype | Pair of alleles an organism has for a specific trait |
| Phenotype | What the organism looks like for a specific trait |
| Homozygous | Genotype in which both alleles are the same |
| Heterozygous | Genotype in which both alleles are different |
| TT | Homozygous genotype of a tall plant |
| Tt | Heterozygous genotype of a tall plant |
| tt | Homozygous genotype of a short plant |
| Monohybrid Cross | Problem in which you cross only 1 trait at a time |
| Complete Dominance | When 2 different alleles are paired together, the dominant allele is expressed (seen) in the offspring |
| Incomplete Dominance | When two different alleles are paired together, a blended, intermediate characteristic is expressed (seen in the offspring) |
| Pedigree | Diagram of the phenotypes for a particular trait from 1 generation to the next |
| Sexual Reproduction | Involves creating offspring by combining genetic information from 2 parents |
| Asexual Reproduction | Involves creating offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent |
| Codominance (Enriched) | When two different alleles are paired, both alleles are expressed |
| Multiple Alleles (Enriched) | More than 2 different alleles can affect a trait |
| Antigen (Enriched) | Protein found on red blood cells (A or B) |
| Antibodies (Enriched) | Chemical substance which fights foreign substances in the body (Anti-A and Anti-B) |
| Agglutination (Enriched) | Clumping of the blood |
| Sex-Linked Traits (Enriched) | Genes for these traits occur on the X chromosome of the sex chromosomes |
| Autosomes (Enriched) | First 22 pairs of chromosomes found in the nucleus of human cells |
| Sex Chromosomes (Enriched) | Last pair of chromosomes found in the nucleus of human cells, which determine the sex of the offspring |
| XX (Enriched) | Female Sex Chromosomes |
| XY (Enriched) | Male Sex Chromosomes |
