| A | B |
|---|
| aliment | to nourish |
| Functions of the digestive system | intake an ddigestion of food; absorption of nutrients from digested food' elimination of solid waste product |
| Major structures of the digestive system | oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus |
| Accessory organs related to the digestive system | liver, gallbladder, and pancreas |
| upper GI tract consists of | mouth, esophagus, and stomach |
| lower GI tract consists of | small intestine, large intestines, rectum, and anus |
| lips (labia) (cheil/o) | form the lpening to the oral cavity |
| palate | forms the roof of the mouth and consists of 2 parts: the hard and soft palates |
| hard palate | forms the bony anterior portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane |
| rugae | irregular ridges or folds in the mucous membrane, cover the anterior portion of the hard palate; also found in the stomach |
| soft palate | forms the flexible posterior portion of the palate; has an important role of closing off the nasal passage during swallowing so food does not move upward into the nasal cavity |
| uvula | hangs from the frfee edge of the soft palate and helps in producing sounds and speech |
| tongue | very strong and flexible, aids in speech and moves food during chewing and swallowing |
| papillae | taste buds |
| sublingual | medication placed under the tongue to be quickly absorbed into the bloodstream |
| dentition | natural teeth arranged in the maxillary and mandibular arches |
| Edentulous | without teeth; used after the natural teeth have been lost |
| Human dentition includes 4 types of teeth: | incisors, canines (cuspids), premolars (bicuspids) and molars |
| primary dentition (deciduous dentition) | baby teeth = 20 teeth |
| permanent dentition | 32 teeth which should last a lifetime |
| occlusion | any contact between the chewing surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth |
| malocclusion | any deviation from a normal occlusion |
| crown of a tooth | portion that is visible in the mouth; is covered with enamel which is the strongest tissue in the body |
| root of a tooth | holds the tooth securely in place within the dental arch; is protected by cementum |
| Dentin | makes up the bulk of the tooth and is protected by the enamel and cementum |
| pulp chamber | inner area of the crown of the tooth that runs downward to form the root canals |
| pulp | made up of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves |
| periodontium | consists of the bone and soft tissues that surround and support the teeth |
| odonti | teeth |
| gingiva (gums) | specialized mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth, covers the bone of the dental arches, and continues to form the lining of the cheeks |
| salivary glands | secrete saliva that moistens food, begins the digestive process, and cleanses the mouth |
| 3 pairs of salivary glands | parotid (located on the face in front of and slightly lower than each ear; sublingual (located on the underside of the tongue; and submandibular (located on the floor of the mouth |
| pharynx (throat) | common passageway for both respiration and digestion |
| During swallowing, food is prevented from moving from the pharynx into the lungs by the | epiglottis which closes off the entrance to the trachea |
| esophagus (gullet) | collapsible tube that leads from the pharynx to the stomach |
| lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) | ringlike muscle that controls the flow between the esophagus and the stomach; when this functions normally, stomach contents do not flow back into the esophagus |
| stomach | saclike organ composed of the fundus, body, and antrum |
| Rugae | folds in the mucosa lining the stomach |
| pylorus | narrow passage connecting the stomach with the small intestine |
| pyloric sphincter | muscle ring that controls the flow from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine |
| small intestine | extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine; this is where the nutrients from food are absorbed into the bloodstream; 20 feet long; smaller in diameter than the large intestine |
| Parts of the small intestine | duodenum, jujunum, and ileum |
| duodenum | first portion of the small intestine, exgtends from the pylorus to the jejunum |
| jejunum | middle portion of the small intestine, extends from the duodenum to the ileum |
| ileum | last portion of the small intestine, extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine |
| ileocecal sphincter | controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine |
| large intestine | extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus; waste products of digestion are processed in the large intestine and then excreted thru the anus |
| Major parts of the large intestine | cecum, colon, rectum, and anus |
| cecum | pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen; extends from the end of the ileum to the beginning of the colon |
| vermiform appendix (appendix) | hangs from the lower portion of the cecum; consists of lymphatic tissue; serves no known function in the digestive system |
| vermiform | wormlike shape |
| ascending colon | travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver |
| transverse colon | passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen |
| descending colon | travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon |
| sigmoid colon | S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below |
| rectum | last division of the large intestine, ends at the anus |
| anus | lower opening of the digestive tract; flow of waste thru the anus is controlled by the 2 anal sphincter muscles |
| anorectal | refers to the anus and rectum as a single unit |
| liver | located in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen and has several important functions: removes excess glucose from the bloodstream and stores glycogen; when the sugar level is low, the liver converts glycogen back into glucose and releases it for use by the body; destroys old RBC, removes poisons from the blood, and manufactures some blood proteins; bilirubin is released by the liver in bile; liver secretes bile which breaks down fat |
| gallbladder | pear-shaped sac located under the liver; stores and concentrates the bile for later use |
| cholecystic | pertaining to the gallbladder |
| pancreas | feather-shaped organ located posterior to (behind) the stomach; has important roles in both the digestive and endocrine systems |
| Digestion | process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use |
| enzymes | responsible for the chemical changes that break foods down into simpler forms of nutrients for use by the body |
| nutrient | substance, usually from food, that is necessary for normal functioning of the body |
| Metabolism | sum of anabolism and catabolism; this term includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of these nutrients |
| metabol | change |
| Anabolism | building up of body cells and substances from nutrients |
| Catabolism | opposite of anabolism; is the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide |
| Absorption | process byb which completely digested nutrients are taken into the circulatory system by passing thru the capillaries located in the walls of the small intestine |
| villi | tiny hairlike projections that line the walls of the small intestine |
| Mastication (chewing) | breaks food down into smaller pieces and mixes it with saliva; saliva contains an enzyme that begins the chemical breakdown to convert starches into sugar |
| During swallowing, food travels from the mouth into the pharynx and on into the | esophagus |
| Peristalsis | series of wavelike contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction |
| Chyme | semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes from the stomach thru the pyloric sphincter and into the small intestine |
| Emulsification | bile breaks apart large fat globules into smaller particles so enzymes in the pancreatic juices can digest the fats |
| Role of the entire large intestine is to: | receive the solid waste products of digestion and store them until they are eliminated form the body |
| Role of the small intestine: | Food is moved thru the intestines by peristaltic action and digestion is completed in the duodenum after the chyme has been mixed with bile and pancreatic juice |
| Feces (stools) | solid body wastes expelled thru the rectum and anus |
| Defacation (bowel movement) | evacuation or emptying of the large intestines |
| flatulence or flatus | gas that is produced by the normal, friendly bacteria in the colon, which helps to further break down food |
| Borborygmus | rumbling noise caused by the mvoement of gas in the intestine |
| dentist | holds a Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) or Doctor of Medical Dentistry (DMD) and specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity |
| gastroenterologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases |
| internist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseasews and disorders of the internal organs |
| orthodontist | dental specialist in the prevention or correction of abnormalities in the positioning of the teeth and related facial structures |
| periodontist | dentaql specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth |
| proctologist | specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus |
| Aphthous ulcers (canker sores) | recurrent blisterlike sores that break and form lesions on the soft tissues lining the mouth; appearance of the sores is associated with stress, certain foods, or fever |
| Herpes labialis (cold sores or fever blisters) | blisterlike sores caused by the herpes simplex virus that occur on the lips and adjacent tissue |
| cleft lip (harelip) | congenital defect resulting in a deep fissure of the lip running upward to the nose |
| fissure | deep groove or opening |
| cleft palate | congenital fissure of the palate that involves the upper lip, hard palate, and/or soft palate; if not corrected this opening between the nose and mouth makes it difficult for the child to eat and speak |
| Bruxism | involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress; wears away tooth structure, damages periodontal tissues, and injures the temporomandibular joint |
| Dental calculus | hardened dental plaque on the teeth that irritates the surrounding tissues |
| Dental caries (tooth decay or a cavity) | infectious disease that destroys the enamel and dentin of the tooth |
| Dental plaque | soft deposit consisting of bacgteria and bacterial by-products that builds up on the teeth and is a major cause of dental caries and periodontal disease |
| Periodontal disease (periodontitis) | inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth |
| Gingivitis | inflammation of the gums; is the earliest stage of periodontal disease |
| Halitosis (bad breath) | may be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders |
| Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) (myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) | group of complex symptoms including pain, headache, or difficulty in chewing |
| Dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing |
| Esophageal reflux (gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | the upward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus |
| Esophageal varices | enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus; severe bleeding occurs if one of these veins ruptures |
| hiatal hernia | protrusion of part of the stomach thru the esophageal sphincter in the diaphragm; this condition may cause esophageal reflux and pyrosis |
| hiat | opening |
| Pyrosis (heartburn) | burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus |
| Gastritis | inflammation of the stomach |
| Gastroenteritis | inflammation of the stomach and intestines, especially the small intestine |
| Gasrorrhagia | bleeding from the stomach |
| Gastrorrhea | excessive flow of gastric secretions |
| Gastrorrhexis | rupture of the stomach |
| peptic ulcer (PU) | lesion of the mucous membranes of the digestive system; frequently caused by the bacterium Helicobacyer pylori; may occur in the lower end of the esophagus, the stomach, or in the duodenum |
| Gastric ulcers | peptic olcers that occur in the stomach |
| Duodenal ulcers | peptic ulcers that occur in the upper part of the small intestine and are the most common form of peptic ulcer |
| perforating ulcer | involves erosion thru the entire thickness of the organ wall |
| Anorexia | lack or loss of appetite for food |
| Anorexia nervosa | eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight |
| emaciated | abnormally thin |
| Bulimia (bulimia nervosa) | eating disorder characgterized byb episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behavior such as self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications |
| Dehydration | condition where fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance |
| Malnutrition | lack of proper food or nutrients in the body, either due to a shortage of food or the improper absorption or distribution of nutrients |
| Obesity | excessive accumulation of fat in the body; usually used to refer to individuals who are 20% to 30% over the established standards for height, age, sex, and weight |
| Pica | eating disorder in which there is persistent eating of nonnutritional substances such as clay; usually associated with pregnancy |
| Achlorhydria | absence of hydrochloric acid from gastric secretions |
| Aerophagia | spasmodic swallowing of air followed by eructations |
| Eructation | act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach |
| Dyspepsia (indigestion) | impairment of digestion |
| Emesis (vomiting) | to expel the contents of the stomach thru the esophagus and out of the mouth |
| Hematemesis | excessive vomiting |
| Nausea | sensation that leads to the urge to vomit |
| Regurgitation | return of swallowed food into the mouth |
| Colorectal cancer | common form of cancer that often first manifests itself in polyps in the colon |
| Diverticulitis | inflammation of one or more diverticulum |
| diverticulum | pouch or sac occurring in the lining or wall of a tubular organ including the intestines |
| Colitis | inflammation of the colon |
| Crohn's Disease | chronic autoimmune disorder involving any part of the GI tract but most commonly resulting in scarring and thickening of the walls of the ileum, colon, or both |
| Enteritis | inflammation of the small intestines |
| Ileitis | inflammation of the ileum |
| Spastic colon (irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | disorder of the motility (ability to move spontaneously) of the entire GI tract; characgterized by abdominal pain, nausea, gas, constipation, and/or diarrhea |
| Ileus | temporary stoppage of intestinal peristalsis that may be accompanied by severe pain, abdominal distention, vomiting, absence of passage of stools, fever, and dehydration; may be present for 24-72 hrs after abdominal surgery |
| Intestinal adhesions | abnormally hold together parts of the intestine where they normally whould be separate; caused by inflammation or trauma; can lead to intestinal obstruction |
| Intestinal obstruction | complete stoppage or serious impairment to the passage of the intestinal contents |
| strangulating obstruction | blood flow to a segment of the intestine is cut off; may lead to gangrene (tissue death) and perforation |
| Volvulus | twisting of the intestine on itself that causes an obstruction |
| Intussusception | telescoping of one part of the intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part; typically found in infants and young children |
| inguinal hernia | protrusion of a small loop of bowel thru a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin |
| Bowel incontinence | inability to control the excretion of feces |
| Constipation | decreae in frequency in the passage of stools, or difficulty in passing hard, dry stools |
| Diarrhea | abnormal frequency of loose or watery stools that may lead to dehydration |
| Hemorrhoids (piles) | enlarged veins in or near the anus that may cause pain and bleeding |
| Melena | passage of black stoos containing digested blood |
| Cirrhosis | progressive degenerative disease of the liver characterized by the disturbance of the sgtructure and function of the liver; frequently results in jaundice and ultimately hepatic failure |
| Hepatomegaly | enlargement of the liver |
| Hepatorrhexis | rupture of the liver |
| Jaundice (icterus) | yellow discoloration of the skin and other tissues caused by greater than normal amts of bilirubin in the blood |
| Hepatitis | inflammation of the liver that is usually caused by a virus but may also be caused by toxic substances |
| Cholecystalgia | pain in the gallbladder |
| Cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder |
| gallstone (biliary calculus) | hard deposit that forms in the gallbladder and bile ducts |
| Cholelithiasis | presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts |
| Amebic dysentery | causitive agent: Entamoeba histolytica amoeba; symptoms: frequent, watery stools often with blood and mucus accompanied by pain, fever, and dehydration |
| Botulism | Causative agent: Clostridium botulinum; symptoms: food poisoning that is characterized by paralysis and is often fatal |
| Cholera | causative agent: Vibrio cholerae; symptoms: severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydreation that can be fatal if not treated |
| E. coli | causative agent: Escherichia coli; symptoms: watery diarrhea that becomes bloody but is not usually accompanied by fever |
| Salmonella | causitive agent: Salmonella; symptoms: severe diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting accdompanied by a high fever |
| Typhoid fever (enteric fever) | causitive agent: Salmonella typhi; symptoms: headache, delirium, cough, watery diarrhea, rash, and a high fever |
| Hepatitis virus A (HVA) (infectious hepatitis) | transmitted by contaminated food and wate |
| Hepatitis virus B (HVB) (serum hepatitis) | bloodborne and can be prevented thru vaccination; blood transfusions, sexual contact, and IV drug abuse are possible sources of contact with contaminated blood |
| Bloodborne | transmitted thru direct contact with blood or body fluids contaminated with the virus |
| Hepatitis virus C (hVC) | bloodborne, and there is NO vaccine to prevent this disease; described as a silient epidemic because it can be present in the body for years and destroy the liver before any symptoms appear |
| Hepatitis virus D (HVD) | bloodborne, and there is NO vaccine to prevent this disease |
| Hepatitis virus E (HVE) | transmitted thru contaminated food and water |
| Abdominal CT (CT scan) | radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross section of the tissue structure within the abdomen |
| CT | computed tomography |
| tom/o | slice or cut |
| abdominal ultrasound | noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high frequency sound waves |
| Anoscopy | visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum using a short speculum called an anoscope |
| speculum | instrument used to enlarge the opening of any body cavity to facilitate inspection of its interior |
| upper GI series or barium swallow, or lower GI series or barium enema (BE) | radiographic studies to examine the digestive system |
| enema | solution place into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine thru bowel activity |
| Hemoccult (fecal occult blood test or FOBT) | laboratory test for hidden blood in the stools |
| Stool samples | specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics |
| endoscope | instrument used for visual examination of internal structures; also used for obraining biopsy samples, controlling bleeding, removing foreign objects, as well as for other surgical and treament procedures |
| Colonoscopy | direct visual examination of the inner surface of the colon |
| Gastrointestinal endoscopy | endoscopic examination of the interior of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum |
| Proctoscopy | endoscopic examinationof the rectum and anum |
| Sigmoidoscopy | use of an endoscope for the direct visual examination of the interior of the entire rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon |
| Acid blockers | taken before eating; block the effects of histamine that signals the stomach to produce acid |
| antiemetic | prevents or relieves nausea and vomiting |
| emetic | produces vomiting |
| Laxatives | medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements |
| Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) | treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered orally to counteract the dehydration that may accompany severe diarrhea |
| Esophagoplasty | surgical repair of the esophagus |
| extraction | surgical removal of a tooth |
| gingivectomy | surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue |
| Maxillofacial surgery | specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries |
| Palatoplasty | surgical repair of a cleft palate |
| gastrectomy | surgical removal of all or a part of the stomach |
| gastrotomy | surgical incision into the stomach |
| Nasogastric intubation | placement of a tube thru the nose and into the stomach |
| Anoplasty | surgical repair of the anus |
| colectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the colon |
| colotomy | surgical incision into the colon |
| diverticulectomy | surgical removal of a diverticulum |
| gastroduodenostomy | removal of the pylorus of the stomach and the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum |
| anastomosis | surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures |
| hemorrhoidectomy | surgical removal of hemorrhoids |
| ileectomy | surgical removal of the ileum |
| ostomy | surgical procedure to create an artificial opening between an organ and the body surface; this opening is called a stoma |
| gastrostomy | surgical creation of an artificial opening into the stomach; frequently performed for the placement of a permanent feeding tube |
| ileostomy | surgical creation of an opening between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine |
| colostomy | surgical creation of an opening between the colon and the body surface; the entire segment of the intestine below the ostomy is usually removed and an effluent flows from the stoma; can be temporary to divert feces from an area that needs to heal; are named for the part of the colon where the stoma, or exit point, is located |
| proctectomy | surgical removal of the rectum |
| Proctopexy | surgical fixation of the rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ |
| Proctoplasty | surgical repair of the rectum |
| hepatectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the liver |
| Hepatotomy | surgical incison into the liver |
| Hepatorrhaphy | suture the liver |
| liver transplant | option for a pt whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer; because liver tissue regenerates, a partial transplant, in which only part of a liver is donated, may be adequate |
| choledocholithotomy | incision in the common bile duct for the removal of gallstones |
| Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (lap choley) | surgical removal of the gallbladder using a laporoscope and other instruments while working thru very small openings in the abdominal wall |
