| A | B |
|---|
| cardinal points | north, south, east, west |
| distortion | alteration of globe when shown on a map |
| equator | 0 degrees latitude |
| hemisphere | half of the earth |
| even highway numbers | generally run east and west |
| odd highway numbers | generally run north and south |
| latitude | parallel lines north and south of equator |
| longitude | lines measure east and west of Prime meridian |
| physical maps | show natural landforms |
| political maps | show man-made forms and ideas |
| Prime Meridian | 0 degrees longitude |
| scale | tells what distances represent |
| temperate | climate zones between tropics and polar circles |
| Tropic of Cancer | 23.5 degrees north |
| Tropic of Capricorn | 23.5 degrees south |
| delta | triangular land shape at the mouth of a river |
| continental shelf | ocean floor around a continent |
| archipelago | a chain of islands |
| isthmus | narrow connecting strip of land |
| atoll | ring-shaped coral reef |
| peninsula | land projection surrounded by water on 3 sides |
| plain | flat expanse of land |
| plateau | flat, raised land |
| bay | curved inlet of sea |
| strait | narrow waterway connecting two large bodies of water |
| charter | document giving permission to create a government |
| compact | a written agreement to make and obey laws |
| constitution | a written plan of government |
| direct democracy | from ancient Athens where citizens make laws directly |
| English Bill of Rights | rights given to all English citizens such as a trial by a jury |
| ratification | approval of a document |
| republic | a government in which the citizens elect representatives |
| separation of powers | dividing government power between branches |
| tyranny | abuse of power |
| John Locke | purpose of government was to protect natural rights |
| legislature | a group of people chosen to make laws |
| Magna Carta | limits power of monarchs and establishing citizen rights a government cannot take away |
| natural rights | life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness |
| Montesquieu | government power should be divided into three branches to prevent tyranny |
| bicameral | two-house legislature |
| checks and balances | limits the power of the branches |
| delegated powers | powers give to Congress (federal/national government) |
| delegated powers | maintain army and navy, declare war, regulate trade between states and other countries |
| reserved powers | regulate marriages, oversee elections, establish schools |
| reserved powers | powers neither given to Congress nor denied to the states (State government) |
| federalism | power divided between state and federal governments |
| impeach | accuse of wrong doing |
| veto | rejection or vote against |
| Article One | Legislature |
| Article Two | Executive |
| Article Three | Judical court system |
| Article Four | States respect other states’ laws |
| Article Five | Amendments to the Constitution |
| Article Six | Supremacy of the Constitution |
| Article Seven | Ratification |
| presided over Constitutional Convention | George Washington |
| insisted Bill of Rights added to Constitution | Anti-Federalists |
| Amendment 1 | freedom of speech |
| Amendment 1 | freedom of the press |
| Amendment 1 | right to petition the government |
| Amendment 1 | freedom to assemble peacefully |
| Amendment 1 | freedom of religion |
| Amendment 2 | right to bear arms |
| Amendment 3 | no forced quartering of troops during peacetime |
| Amendment 4 | no illegal search or seizures without a warrant |
| Amendment 5 | due process of law |
| Amendment 5 | right to remain silent |
| Amendment 5 | Miranda rights |
| Amendment 5 | double jeopardy |
| Amendment 6 | trial by jury in criminal cases |
| Amendment 5 | eminent domain |
| Amendment 7 | trial by jury in civil cases over $20 |
| Amendment 8 | no excessive bail or punishment |
| Amendment 9 | Citizens’ rights are not limited to the ones listed |
| Amendment 10 | Powers reversed to the states |
| double jeopardy | can't be placed on trial twice for the same crime |
| eminent domain | placed on trial twice for the same crime |
| amendment proposed | 2/3 of the House and Senate approve |
| amendment ratified | 3/4 of the state legislatures approve it |
| abolition | outlawing or ending a practice |
| affirmative action | measures taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in |
| Prohibition | making illegal the manufacturing, transporting, or selling of alcoholic beverages |
| Segregation | the separation of humans into racial groups in daily life |
| Suffrage | the right to vote |
| Amendment 11 | limits the jurisdiction of Supreme Court |
| Amendment 12 | reworks the presidential selection process |
| Amendment 13 | prohibits slavery |
| Amendment 14 | guarantees the right of citizens |
| Amendment 15 | ensures the rights of black men to vote |
| Amendment 16 | authorizes income tax |
| Amendment 17 | Senators elected by the people |
| Amendment 18 | prohibits alcohol |
| Amendment 19 | ensures to right to vote for women |
| Amendment 20 | sets the dates for the beginning of congressional and presidential terms |
| Amendment 21 | repealed Amendment 18 |
| Amendment 22 | sets the presidential two-term limit |
| Amendment 23 | grants Washington D.C. electoral votes, |
| Amendment 24 | ensures the vote cannot be taken away for failing to pay a poll tax |
| Amendment 25 | details presidential disability procedures, |
| Amendment 26 | ensures the vote to all citizens over the age of 18 |
| Amendment 27 | restricts raises in congressional pay |
