| A | B |
|---|
| phagocytosis | process by which neutrophils and macrophages randomly engulf and destroy bacteria, cell debris, or foreign matter |
| leukocyte | white blood cell |
| macrophages | "vulture cells"; cell that can surround, inest, and destroy microorganisms, etc, |
| interferons | group of antiviral glycoproteins produced by viral-infected cells/nonspecific agents that protect unifected cells against viruses |
| hydrostatic pressure | movement of fluid, electrolytes, oxygen, and nutrients out of the capillary at the |
| osmotic pressure | movement of fluid, carbon dioxide, and wastes into the blood |
| first line of defense | nonspecific defense mechanism when the mechanical barrier like skin or mucous membrane blocks entry of bacteria or harmful substances into the tissues |
| second line of defense | nonspecific processes like phagocytosis and inflammation |
| third line of defense | specific defense mechanism in the body; immune system |
| inflammation | response to tissue damage, indicated by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain and perhaps loss of function |
| chemical mediators | chemical released in the body during an inflammatory response or immune response like histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes |
| cytokines | communicators in the tissue fluids, sending messages to lymphocytes and macrophages, the immune sytem, or the hypothalamus to induce fever |
| vasodilation | relaxation of smooth muscle causing an increase in the diameter of arterioles |
| hyperemia | increased blood flow in an area, resulting in a warm, red area |
| permeability | allowing substances to pass through |
| chemotaxis | movement of cells toward or away form an area of the body in response to chemical signals; phagocytes move to an area of tissue injury |
| diapedesis | passage of leukocytes through intact capillary walls to a site of inflammation |
| exudate | collection of interstitial fluid formed in the inflamed area |
| serous | watery exudate; fluid with small amounts of protein and WBC ie allergic reactions or burns |
| fibrinous | thick and sticky w/ high cell and fibrin count; increases risk fo scar tissue |
| purulent | thick, yellow-green in color and contain more leukocytes, cell debris, and microorganisms; indicates bacterial infection and reffered to as "pus" |
| abscess | localized pocket of purulent exudate or pus in a solid tussue |
| malaise | feeling unwell |
| anorexia | loss of apetite |
| pyrexia | low grade or mild fever |
| pyrogens | fever-producing substances |
| leukocytosis | increased WBS in the blood, especially neutrophils |
| differential count | proportion of each type of WBC altered, depending on the cause |
| plasma proteins | increased fibrinogen and prothrombin |
| C-reactive protein(CRP) | a protein not normally in the blood, but appears with acute inflammation and necrosis within 24-48 hrs |
| erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) | rate at which RBCs settle out of a blood specimen(containing anticoagulant); an elevation in ESR is a characteristic of inflammation |
| fibrinogen | plasma protein tha is formed into solid fibrin stands during the clotting process |
| isoenzymes | cell enzymes, specific to certain organs, that differ slightly in structure, but have similar functions |
| ulcers | open, crater-like lesion on the skin or mucous membranes |
| perforation | hole through the wall of a tube or hollow structure |
| fibroblasts | connective tissue cells |
| granuloma | small mass of cells with a necrotic center and covered by CT associated w/ chronic inflammation or infection |
| glucorticoids | synthetic, steroidal chemicals that are related to the naturally occurring glucocorticoids, hormones produced by the adrenal cortex gland in the body |
| intra-articular | into joint |
| resolution | process that occurs when there is minimal tissue damage; damaged cells recover and the tissue returns to normals in short period of time |
| regeneration | healing process that occurs in damaged tissue in which cells are capable of mitosis |
| replacement | takes place when there is extensive tissue damage or the cells are incapable of mitosis; wound must be filled in and covered by some form of tissue |
| healing by first intention | process involved when the wound is clean, free of foreign material and necrotic tissue, nd the edges of it are held close together, creating minimal gap between the edges; ie surgical incisions |
| healing by second intention | situation in which there is a large break in the tissue and consequently more inflammation, a longer healing period, and formation of more scar tissue |
| granulation tissue | newly developed fragile tissue, consisting of fibroblasts and blood vessels, formed during healing |
| collagen | protein that is the basic componenet of scar tissue and provides strength for the new repair |
| cytokines | growth factors produced by macrophages and fibroblasts to sttract more fibroblasts, which act as mitogens to stimulate epithelial cell proliferation nd migration |
| angiogenesis | development of new blood vessels |
| tissue engineering | the search for new methods of replacing damaged tissue where regeneration is not possible |
| contracture | shortening of a muscle or scar tissue causing immobility and deformity of a joint or a structure |
| stenosis | narrowing |
| adhesions | bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated |
