| A | B |
|---|
| Anaphase | third phase of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, in which the sister chromatids separate and move toward the poles of the spindle |
| Asexual reproduction | process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all their genetic material from one parent |
| Benign tumor | mass of cells that remain at their original site |
| Cancer | disease caused by severe disruption of the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle |
| Carcinogen | is any substance or radiation that is an agent directly involved in causing cancer |
| Cell cycle | sequence of events from the production of a eukaryotic cell to the time the cell itself reproduces |
| Cell plate | disk containing cell wall material that develops in plant cells during cytokinesis, eventually dividing the cell into two daughter cells |
| Centriole | cylindrical structures that are composed of groupings of microtubules and extend spindle fibers |
| Centromere | region where two sister chromatids are joined tightly together |
| Chromatin | combination of DNA and protein molecules, in the form of long, thin fibers, making up the genetic material in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell |
| Chromosome | condensed threads of genetic material formed from chromatin as a cell prepares to divide |
| Crossing over | exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis |
| Cytokinesis | process by which the cytoplasm of a cell is divided in two; usually follows mitosis and meiosis |
| Diploid | having two homologous sets of chromosomes |
| Fertilization | the fusion of the nucleus of a haploid sperm cell and the nucleus of a haploid egg cell, forming a diploid zygote |
| Gamete | egg or sperm sex cell that contains a single set of chromosomes, one from each homologous pair |
| Genetic recombination | new combination of genetic information in a gamete as a result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis |
| Haploid | having a single set of chromosomes |
| Homologous chromosome | one of a matching pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent |
| Interphase | stage of the cell cycle during which a cell carries out its metabolic processes and performs its functions in the body |
| Karyotype | display of a person's 46 chromosomes |
| Malignant tumor | mass of abnormal cells resulting from uncontrolled cancer cell division |
| Meiosis | type of cell division that produces four cells, each with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell |
| Metaphase | second stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II when the spindle is fully formed and all of the chromosomes are held in place |
| Metastasis | spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body |
| Mitosis | process by which the nucleus and duplicated chromosomes of a cell divide and are evenly distributed, forming two daughter nuclei |
| Prophase | first stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, when the already replicated chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope begins to dissolve, and spindle fibers begin to appear |
| Sex chromosome | one of two chromosomes of the 23rd pair of human chromosomes, which determine an individual's gender |
| Sexual reproduction | process in which genetic material from two parents combines and produces offspring that differ genetically from either parent |
| Sister chromatid | one of a pair of identical chromosomes created before a cell divides |
| Spindle Fiber | microtubule that aids in separating chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis |
| Telophase | final stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, in which the chromosomes reach the spindle poles, nuclear envelopes form around each set of daughter chromosomes, and the nucleoli reappear |
| Tetrad | group of four chromatids formed during prophase I of meiosis by the two sister chromatids in each of the two homologous chromosomes |
| Zygote | diploid cell formed when the nucleus of a haploid sperm cell fuses with the nucleus of a haploid egg cell |
