| A | B |
|---|
| streak | the color of the powder of a mineral |
| fracture | the way in which a mineral breaks producing an uneven breaking surface |
| hardness | the resistance of a mineral to being scratched |
| luster | the way a mineral looks or shines in reflected light |
| clastic sedimentary rock | rock that is largely composed of solid sedements |
| chemical sedimentary rock | chemicals such as oxygen, acids and water break down rocks and other Earth materials |
| intrusive | igneous rock formed underground |
| extrusive | igneous rock formed above ground |
| solidification | the process in which a liquid changes into a solid |
| felsic igneous rock | a rock that is rich in silicon and aluminum |
| mafic igneous rock | a rock that is rich in iron and magnesium |
| recrystalization | a process in the formation of metamorphic rocks by which mineral crystals grow in size at the expense of older crystals or sediments without true melting |
| How do clastic sedimentary rocks form? | from fragmental rock particles |
| What rock are fossils only found in? | Sedimentary rocks |
| Where does recrystallization occur? | In metamorphic rocks |
| What are the processes that form sedimentary rocks? | Deposition and burial, compaction, and or cementation |
| What are the processes that form metamorphic rocks | Heat and Pressure |
| What is the process that forms igneous rocks | Melting and Solidification |
| capillarity | the process by which water is drawn into openings due to the attractive force between water molecules and surrounding Earth materials |
| permeablity | the degree to which a porous material will allow fluids, such as water and oil, to pass through it |
| runoff | all the natural liquid water flowing at Earth's solid surface, including stream flow |
| physical weathering | the mechanical or physical breakdown of rock and other Earth materials at or near Earth's surface into smaller pieces with a change in the mineral or chemical composition |
| frost action | enlargement of cracks that occurs because water expands when it freezes |
| chemical weathering | the process by which chemicals, such as oxygen, acids, and water break down rocks and other Earth materials, resulting in more stable new materials. Example- rusting |
| deposition | the process by which sediments are released, dropped, or settled from erosional systems |
| soil horizon | a distinct layer within a soil profile |
| Soil horizon A | Top soil |
| Soil horizon B | Subsoil |
| Soil horizon C | Weathered parent material |
| Sub horizon D | Bedrock |
| Glacial erratic | a piece of rock that differs from the size and the type of rock native to the area in which it rests |
| meandering stream | a curve or bend in a stream formed when a stream slope decreases, water builds up in the stream channel, and moving water erodes away the sides of the streambed |
| kettle lake | a kettle is a shallow, sediment filled body of water formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters |
| List the sediment particles in order from largest to smallest | Boulders, cobbles, pebbles, sand, silt, and clay |
| Which sediment particle size will allow water to flow through at the fastest rate | Pebbles |
| Which sediment particle size will allow water to flow through the slowest rate | clay |
| Which particle size has the greatest capillarity? | silt or clay |
| As permeability increases, what happens | runoff decreases |
| What happens to rocks that are transported by running water | They become rounded and its volume will decrease |
| What does running water deposit | Sediments that are sorted |
| What conditions result in the most infiltration of rainfall? | a gentle slope, unsaturated soil and vegetation |
| What type of climate does frost action occur most rapidly? | A wet climate where the temperature drops below freezing and above freezing |
| What climate does chemical weathering occur most rapidly? | Warm and humid |
| What does soil form from | Weathering and biological activity |
| What happens when glaciers melt | They deposit unsorted sediments |
| What do glaciers leave behind | A u-shaped valley with polished bedrock |
| Wind loss of topsoil surface feature | dunes |
| running water surface features | v-shaped valleys, deltas, and meandors |
| glacier surface features | u-shaped valleys, moraines, and drumlins |
| waves | beach, sand dunes, barrier islands |
| mass movement | landslides and slumps |
| primary waves(p-waves) | fastest moving wave, can travel through liquids, solids, and gases |
| secondary waves (s-wave) | can travel through solids only |
| shadow zone | an area of earth where p-waves are refracted and s-waves are absorbed by Earth's outer core |
| asthehnosphere | plastic, partly liquid layer of Earth's mantle just below the lithosphere that allow plates to move |
| convection currents | a circular motion in a fluid due to density differences |
| convergent plate boundary | boundary between two colliding plates *geologic features associated with them-trenches, island arcs, and mountain building |
| divergent plate boundary | boundary between two plates that are spreading apart at a mid-ocean ridge or a rift zone |
| transform plate boundary | boundary in which two plates slide by each other |
| where do convection currents occur? | in the asthenosphere |
| How did scientists classify Earth's interior zones | Based it on earthquake seismic waves |
| What are the two most abundant elements in Earth's crust | oxygen and silicon |
| What is an epicenter? | The place where all three circles meet |
| What is the oceanic crust compared to the continental crust | more dense and thinner |
| Where are active volcanoes most abundant? | along the edges of tectonic plates |
| How are tectonic plates driven? | by convection currents in the asthenosphere |
| How is the seafloor rock near the ridge compared to it father away | Is younger |
| What can a homeowner do to prepare for the next earthquake | have an emergency medical kit prepared and have heavy objects secured |
