| A | B |
|---|
| business cycle | the ups and downs of a contry's economy |
| depression | a sustained downturn in the business cycle |
| recession | a downturn in the business cycle |
| expansion | when the business cycle is expanding or in an upturn |
| boom | a sustained expansion in the business cycle |
| laber unions | organized groups of workers who negotiate with their employers over pay, benefits, and working conditions |
| collective bargaining | negotiations between an employer and a union over pay, benefits, and working conditions |
| Communism | an economic system where all businesses are controlled by the workers |
| proletariat | the term commonly used by Socialists and Communists to describe the working classes |
| bourgeoisie | it means the middle class, but in Communist writing it is general used to mean Capitalists (those who run the businesses) |
| enclosure movement | the movement that ended the English peasants right to graze on common land (open land) |
| Industrial Revolution | the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840 |
| mechanization | making of products by machine instead of by people or animals |
| Capitalism | an economic in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state |
| Mass production | the manufacture of goods in large quantities, often using standardized designs and assembly-line techniques |
| Factory system | a method of manufacturing first adopted in England at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 1750s; manufacturing was done in large buildings known as factories |
| Free enterprise | an economic system in which private business operates in competition and largely free of state control; another name for Capitalism |
| Standard of living | The level of material comfort as measured by the goods, services, and luxuries available to an individual, group, or nation. |
| Strike | a refusal to work organized by a body of employees as a form of protest, typically in an attempt to gain a concession or concessions from their employer. |
| Bessemer process | A method for making steel by blasting compressed air through molten iron to burn out excess carbon and impurities. |
| Telegraph | a system of sending messages over long distances by using wires and electrical signals |
| Wireless | a system of sending messages over long distances by using radio waves; what we commonly call a radio today |
| Radioactivity | the property possessed by some elements or isotopes of spontaneously emitting energetic particles |
| Pasteurization | a process in which a liquid (such as milk or cream) is heated to a temperature that kills harmful germs |
| Anesthetic | A chenical that causes loss of sensitivity to pain or of consciousness; commonly used in medicine especially during surgery |
| Socialism | an economic system in which major industries are owned and controlled by the government |
| Assembly line | the arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers, in a factory, in which work passes from operation to operation in direct line until the product is assembled |
| Urbanization | the movement of people from rural areas into increasingly large towns and cities |
| Romanticism | a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual |
| Realism | The representation in art or literature of objects, actions, or social conditions as they actually are, without idealization or presentation in abstract form |
| Impressionism | an art style beginning in the late 19th century, in which the artist captures the image of an object as someone would see it if they just caught a glimpse of it |
| Jethro Tull | his invention, the seed drill helped begin the agricultural revolution which help lead to the Industrial Revolution |
| Richard Arkwright | invented the spinning/water frame, which used water power to spin yarn |
| James Watt | improved the steam engine to the point that it could be used to power other machines |
| Robert Fulton | he built the first commercially successful steamboat |
| Adam Smith | In his book "The Wealth of Nations", he outlined the basic principles of Capitalism |
| Thomas Malthus | an English minister, he suggested that population would always grow faster than production. Therefore, there would always be poverty and misery |
| Andrew Carnegie | A Scots born American businessman. In his lifetime he rose from poverty to become the owner of US Steel and one of the richest men on Earth; later in life he gave much of his wealth away to charity. |
| Karl Marx | He developed the theory of Communism is two important books, Das Capital" and "The Communist Manifesto |
| Charles Darwin | An English naturalist, he developed the theory of evolution. |
| Marie & Pierre Currie | discovered that some elements are radioactive; they discovered the elements radium and polonium; tradicly they both died of radiation poisoning |
| Louis Pasteur | he discovered pasteurization; the intense heating of liquids to kill bacteria |
| Charles Dickens | an English novelist; he wrote many books which give us great insight into 19th century (Victorian) English life. His most famous works include "A Tale of Two Cities" Oliver Twist", and A Christmas Carol". |
| Leo Tolstoy | A Russion novelist, his most famous work "War and Peace" tells of Russian life when Napoleon invaded Russia. |
| Henrik Ibsen | A Norwegian playwright; often called the "Father of Realism". His most famous works include "Peer Gynt" and "A Doll's House" |
| Michael Faraday | an English scientist; he discovered the principles of eletromagnetism. These discoveries lead to the development of the electric motor |
| Thomas Edison | An American inventor: His inventions include the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the electric light bulb |
| Henry Ford | the founder of the Ford Motor Company; he developed the assembly line to mass produce automobiles |
| Wilbur & Orville Wright | These American inventors invented built and flew, the first airplane. |
| Samuel Morse | He created the telegraph and Morse code. |
| Alexander Graham Bell | He invented the telephone |
| Guglielmo Marconi | An Italian inventor, he is credited with inventing the wireless radio (what we commonly call the radio). |
| Albert Einstein | A German physicist, his work pioneered modern physics. Most notably, he developed the theory of relativity and the formula E=mc2 |
| Ivan Pavlov | A Russian scientist known for his work in classical conditioning. His major work concerned teaching a dog by commands |
| Sigmund Freud | An Austrian neurologist, his work pioneered modern psychlogy and psychoanalysis |
| William Wordsworth | An English poet, his works helped launch the Romantic age in literature. His most famous work is generally considered to be "The Prelude". |
