| A | B |
|---|
| purebred | having two of the same alleles; both dominant or recessive |
| hybrid | having two different alleles; one dominant, one recessive |
| homozygous | another name for purebred |
| heterozygous | another name for hybrid |
| Punnett Square | used to predict the probability of a trait showing |
| dominant | an allele that can be seen whenever it is present |
| recessive | an allele that shows up only if a dominant allele isn't present |
| genetics | the study of heredity |
| heredity | the study of trait inheritance from parent to offspring |
| phenotype | the physical appearance of an organism |
| genotype | the genetic make up of an organism |
| cell | the basic building block of all living things |
| cell membrane | surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosing its contents |
| cell wall | found only in plant cells and gives cells protection |
| ribosomes | the protein builders of a cell |
| mitochondria | the powerhouses of the cell that take in nutrients and break them down |
| nucleus | the center or "brain" of the cell |
| endoplasmic reticulum | this functions as a packaging system |
| Golgi body | sorts, packages, and sends proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum |
| vacuoles | storage areas of the cell |
| cytoplasm | gel-like substance located between the cell membrane and nucleus |
| probability | the chance that something will happen |
| traits | a genetically determined characteristic |
| chromosomes | in a cell, it is an organelle made up of DNA and protein |
| gene | one set of instructions for an inherited trait |
| alleles | one form of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color |
| proteins | a molecule that is made up of amino acids; it is used to build and repair cells in the body |
| double helix | the shape of a molecule of DNA; kind of like a twisted ladder |
| inheritance | the process by which a characteristic is passed from parent to offspring |
| probability | the mathematical chance of a specific outcome in relation to the total number of possible outcomes |
| offspring | a new organism that results from sexual or asexual reproduction |
| asexual reproduction | a form of reproduction in which one parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent |
| sexual reproduction | a form of reproduction in which two parents produce offspring that that share traits from both parents |
| budding | a form of asexual reproduction in which the parent organism grows a copy of itself on itself and then the copy pops off |
| binary fission | a form of asexual reproduction in which a cell makes a copy of its genetic material and then divides to form two genetically identical cells |
| gamete | a reproductive cell |
| fertilization | the joining of a sperm and egg cell |
| zygote | a fertilized egg cell |
| spore | a tiny structure that is dispersed from a parent organism and can grow into a new plant body |
| pollen | the male gamete (sperm) of a plant |
| ovule | the female reproductive organ in a plant where eggs develop |
| pollination | the process in which pollen reaches and fertilizes an egg |
| seed | a structure that contains an embryo inside a protective coating |
| reproductive success | the ability to produce offspring that are healthy and survive |
| courtship behaviors | attempts by animals to attract mates |
| parenting behaviors | attempts by animals to ensure their offspring's survival |
