| A | B |
|---|
| homeostasis | state of equilibriumthat produces a constant internal environment throughout the body |
| homeo | sameness |
| stasis | control |
| Functions of urinary system | maintains the proper balance of water, salts, and afcids in the body fluids by remoing excess fluids from the body or reabsorbing water as needed; filters the blood to remove urea and other waste materials from the bloodstream; converts these waste products and excess fluids into urine in the kidneys and excretes them from the body via the urinary bladder |
| urea | major waste product of protein metabolism |
| kidneys are located | retroperitoneally with one on each side of the vertebral column below the diaphragm |
| 2 layers that surround the renal pelvis | renal cortex (outer layer and contains nephrons) and medulla (inner layer and contains most of the urine-collecting tubules) |
| Nephrons | functional units of the kidneys; form urine by the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion |
| glomerulus | cluster of capillaries surrounded by a membrane called the Bowman's capsule |
| Urochrome | pigment that gives urine its normal yellow-amber or straw color |
| ur/o | urine |
| chrome | color |
| color of urine can be influenced by: | amt of liquid consumed, diseases, and medications |
| ureters | narrow tubes, about 10 - 12 inches long, and carries urine from a kidney to the urinary bladder |
| urinary bladder | hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine; located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity behind the pubic symphysis, and stores about one pint of urine |
| urethra | tube extending from the bladder to the outside of the body |
| sphincter | ringlike muscle that closes a passageway |
| urethral meatus/urinary meatus | external opeining of the urethra |
| female urethra | approx. 1.5 inches long, located between the clitoris and the opeining of the vagina |
| male urethra | approx. 8 inches long, located at the tip of the penis, and conveys both urine and semen |
| term for emptying the bladder | urinate, micturate, void |
| nephrologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys |
| urologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males |
| renal failure/kidney failure | inability of the kidney or kidneys to perform their functions; the body cannot replace damaged nephrons |
| anuria/anuresis | complete suppression (stopping) of urine formation by the kidneys |
| uremia/uremic poisoning | toxic condition caused by excessive amt of urea and other waste products in the bloodstream |
| acute renal failure (ARF) | sudden onset and is characterized by uremia; may be caused by many factors including a drop in blood volume or blood pressure d/t injury or surgery |
| chronic renal failure (CRF) | progressive disease that may be caused by a variety of conditions; when kidney function is insuffieient dialysis or transplantation if required |
| End-stage renal disease (ESRD) | late stages of chronic renal failure |
| nephrotic syndrome | general group of kidney diseases |
| Characteristics of kidney malfunction diseases: | edema, hyperproteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia |
| edema | excess fluid in the body tissue (swelling) |
| hyperproteinuria | abnormally high concentrations of protein (albumin) in the urine |
| hypoproteinemia | abnormally low concentrations of protein (albumin) in the blood |
| hyperlipidemia | abnormally large amt of lipids in the blood |
| nephrosis/nephropathy | diseases of the kidney |
| diabetic nephropathy | result of the damage to the kidney's capillary blood vessels that is caused by long-term diabetes mellitus |
| Glomerulonephritis | inflammation of the kidney involving primarily the glomeruli; in acute glomerulonephritis, the urine is dark brown or black which is often related to an autoimmune problem |
| Hydronephrosis | dilation (enlargement) of the renal pelvis of one or both kidneys; result of an obstruction of the flow of urine |
| Nephrectasis | distention of a kidney |
| ectasis | enlargement or stretching |
| distention | state of being enlarged |
| Nephritis | inflammation of the kidney |
| Nephroptosis/floating kidney | downward displacement of the kidney |
| ptosis | dropping down |
| Nephropyosis | suppuration of the kidney |
| suppuration | formation or discharge of pus |
| Pyelitis | inflammation of the renal pelvis |
| Pyelonephritis | inflammation of the renal pelvis and of the kidney |
| Renal colic | acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a kidney stone |
| stone/calculus | abnormal mineral deposit; vary in size; are named for the organ or tissue where they are located |
| Nephrolithiais | didorder characterized by the presence of stones in the kidney |
| lithiasis | presence of stones |
| Hydroureter | distention (stretching out) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked |
| Ureterectasis | distention of a ureter |
| ectasis | enlargement |
| Ureterorrhagia | discharge of blood from the ureter |
| Ureterostenosis | stricture of the ureter |
| stricture | abnormal band of tissue narrowing a body passage |
| Cystalgia/cystodynia | pain in the urinary bladder |
| Cystitis | inflammation of the bladder |
| Interstitial cystitis | inflammation within the wall of the bladder; chronic condition with symptoms similar to those of cystitis |
| cystocele | hernia of the bladder thru the vaginal wall |
| Cystorrhagia | bleeding from the bladder |
| Urinary tract infections (UTIs) | usually begin in the bladder; occur more frequently in women becvause of the shortness of the urethra and the proximity of its opening to the vagina and rectum |
| vesicovaginal fissure | anormal opening between the bladder and vagina |
| reflux | blockage of the urethra can cause urine to back up into the ureters; can result in damage to the kidneys |
| Urethralgia | pain in the urethra |
| Urethritis | inflammation of the urethra |
| Urethrorrhagia | bleeding from the urethra |
| Urethrorrhea | abnormal discharge from the urethra |
| Urethrostenosis | stricture or stenosis of the urethra |
| Epispadias | in the male- congenital abnormality in which the urethral opening is located on the dorsal (upper surface) of the penis; in the female-the urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris |
| Hypospadias | in the male-congenital abnormality in which the urethral opening is on the undersurgface of the penis; in the female- the urethral opening is into the vagina |
| Paraspadias | congenital abnormality in males shere the urethral opening is on one side of the penis |
| Diuresis | increased excretion of urine |
| Dysuria | difficult or painful urination; frequently associated with UTIs |
| Enuresis | involuntary discharge of urine |
| Nocturnal enuresis/bed-wetting | involuntary discharge of urine that occurs during sleep |
| Nocturia | excessive urination during the night |
| Oliguria | scanty (little) urine |
| Polyuria | excessive urination |
| Urinary retention | inablility to void or empty the bladder |
| Incontinence | inability to control excretory functions |
| Urinary incontinence | inability to control the voiding of urine |
| Urinary stress incontinence | inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing |
| Urge incontinence | when urination occurs involuntarily as soon as an urgent desire to urniate is felt; may be triggered by a physical movement rather than by a full bladder |
| Catheritization | insertion of a sterile catheter thru the urethra and into the urinary bladder; most commonly performed to withdraw urine, relieve urinary retention pressures, or prevent incontinence during surgical procedures; may also be used to place fluid into the bladder |
| Cystoscopy/cysto | visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope; also used for treatment procedures such as the removal of tumors |
| intravenous pyelogram (IVP) | radiographic (x-ray) study of the kidneys and ureters in which iodine is injected into a vein as a contrast medium to define these structures more clearly |
| KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder) | radiographic study of these structures without the use of a contrast medium; also called a flat-plate of the abdomen |
| Intravenous urography | radiographic visulization of the urinary tract with the use of a contrast medium |
| urogram | resulting record of an intravenous urography |
| Excretory urography | it traces the action of the kidney as it processes and excretes dye injected into the bloodstream |
| Retrograde urography | radiograph of the urinary system taken after dye has been placed in the urethra thru a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward (backward) thru the urniary tract |
| Cystography | radiographic examination of the bladder after instillation of a contrast medium via a urethral catheter |
| cystogram | resulting film from a cystography |
| Voiding cystourethrography | may be performed after cystography; fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urnie from the bladder and thru the urethra |
| Urinalysis | examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements |
| Diuretics | medications administered to increase urine secretion to rid the body of excess sodium and water |
| Dialysis | procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function |
| 2 types of dialysis: | hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis |
| Hemodialysis | filters waste products from the pt's blood; a shunt implanted in the pt's arm is connected to the artificial kidney machine and arterial blood flows thru the filters; the filters contain dialysate ( a solution made up of water and electrolytes) which removes excess fluids and waste from the blood; after these are removed, the blood is returned to the body thru a vein |
| Peritoneal dialysis | the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood; dialysate solution is run into the peritoneal cavity and the fluid is exchanged thru a catheter implanted in the adominal wall; this type is used for renal failure and certain types of poisoning |
| Continuous ambnulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) | provides ongoing dialysis as the pt goes about his daily activities |
| Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) | uses a machine to cycle the dialysate fluid during the night while the pt sleeps |
| renal transplantation/ kidney transplant | grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace the recipient's failed kidneys |
| Nephrolysis | freeing of a kidney from adhesions |
| adhesion | band of fibers that holds stuctures together abnormally |
| Nephropexy | surgical fixation of a floating kidney |
| nephrostomy | establishmehnt of an opening between the pelvis of the kidney thru its cortex to the exterior of the body |
| Pyeloplasty | surgical repair of the renal pelvis |
| pyelotomy | surgical incision into the renal pelvis |
| Lithotripsy/extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy/ESWL | destruction of a kidney stone with the use of ultrasonic waves traveling thru water |
| tripsy | crush |
| extracorporeal | situated or occurring outside the body |
| nephrolithotomy | surgical removal of a kidney stone thru an incision in the kidney |
| ureterectomy | surgical removal of a ureter |
| Ureteroplasty | surgical repair of a ureter |
| Ureterorrhaphy | suturing of a ureter |
| cystectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder |
| Cystopexy | surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall |
| pexy | surgical fixation |
| Cystorrhaphy | suturing of the bladder |
| lithotomy | surgical incision for the removal of a stone, usually from the bladder |
| suprapubic catheter | indwelling catheter placed into the bladder thru a small incision made thru the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone |
| indwelling | something that remains inside the body for a prolonged time |
| meatotomy | incision of the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening |
| Urethropexy | surgial fixation of the urethra usually for the correction of urinary stress incontinence |
| Urethroplasty | surgical repair of the urethra |
| urethrostomy | surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin |
| urethrotomy | surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture |
