| A | B |
|---|
| mē | me |
| nōn | not |
| nihil | nothing |
| Quid . . . ? | What . . . ? |
| saepe | often |
| sī | if |
| amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum | to love, like |
| amābō tē | "Please." (used when making a request) |
| cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātum | to think, ponder, consider, plan |
| dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum | to owe; ought, must |
| dō, dare, dedī, datum | to give, offer |
| errō, errāre, errāvī, errātum | to wander; err, go astray, make a mistake, be mistaken |
| laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum | to praise |
| moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum | to remind, advise, warn |
| salveō, salvēre | to be well, be in good health |
| salvē/salvēte | "Hello!", "Greetings!" |
| servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum | to preserve, save, keep, guard |
| cōnservō, cōnservāre, cōnservāvī, cōnservātum | to preserve, conserve, maintain |
| terreō, terrēre, terruī, territum | to frighten, terrify |
| valeō, valēre, valuī, valitūrum | to be strong, have power; be well |
| valē/valēte | "Goodbye!", "Farewell!" |
| videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum | to see; observe, understand |
| vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum | to call, summon |
| fāma, -ae, f. | rumor, report; fame, reputation |
| fōrma, -ae, f. | form, shape; beauty |
| fortūna, -ae, f. | fortune, luck |
| īra, -ae, f. | ire, anger |
| nauta, -ae, m. | sailor |
| patria, -ae, f. | fatherland, native land, (one's) country |
| pecūnia, -ae, f. | money |
| philosophia, -ae, f. | philosophy |
| poena, -ae, f. | penalty, punishment |
| poenās dare | to pay the penalty |
| poeta, -ae, m. | poet |
| porta, -ae, f. | gate, entrance |
| puella, -ae, f. | girl |
| rosa, -ae, f. | rose |
| sententia, -ae, f. | opinion, feeling, thought; vote; sentence |
| vīta, -ae, f. | life; mode of life |
| antīquus, -a, -um | ancient, old-time |
| magnus, -a, -um | large, great; important |
| meus, mea, meum | my |
| multus, -a, -um | much, many |
| tuus, tua, tuum | your |
| et | and |
| et . . . et | both . . . and |
| sed | but |
| sine | without |
| est | (he/she/it) is |
| ager, agrī, m. | field, farm |
| agricola, -ae, m. | farmer |
| amīca, -ae, f. | (female) friend |
| amīcus, amīcī, m. | (male) friend |
| fēmina, -ae, f. | woman |
| fīlia, -ae, f. | daughter |
| filiābus (dat.) | to/for the daughters |
| filiābus (abl.) | by/with/from the daughters |
| fīlius, fīliī, m. | son |
| numerus, -ī, m. | number |
| populus, -ī, m. | the people, a people, a nation |
| puer, puerī, m. | boy |
| puerī, puerōrum, m. | boys, children |
| sapientia, -ae, f. | wisdom |
| vir, virī, m. | man, hero |
| avārus, -a, -um | greedy, avaricious |
| paucī, paucae, pauca | few, a few |
| Rōmānus, -a, -um | Roman |
| dē + abl. | down from, from; concerning, about |
| in + abl. | in, on |
| hodiē | today |
| semper | always |
| habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum | to have, hold, possess; consider, regard |
| satiō (1) | to satisfy, sate |
| bāsium, -iī, n. | kiss |
| bellum, -ī, n. | war |
| cōnsilium, -iī, n. | plan, purpose, counsel, advice |
| cūra, -ae, f. | care, attention, caution, anxiety |
| dōnum, -ī, n. | gift, present |
| exitium, -iī, n. | destruction, ruin |
| magister, magistrī, m. | schoolmaster, (male) teacher, master |
| magistra, -ae, f. | schoolmistress, (female) teacher, mistress |
| mora, -ae, f. | delay |
| oculus, -ī, m. | eye |
| officium, -iī, n. | duty, service |
| ōtium, -iī, n. | leisure, peace |
| perīculum, -ī, n. | danger, risk |
| remedium, -iī, n. | cure, remedy |
| bellus, -a, -um | pretty, handsome, charming |
| bonus, -a, -um | good, kind |
| hūmānus, -a, -um | human, pertaining to man |
| malus, -a, -um | bad, wicked, evil |
| parvus, -a, -um | small, little |
| stultus, -a, -um | foolish |
| stultus, -ī, m. | a fool |
| vērus, -a, -um | true, real, proper |
| (ad)iuvō, (ad)iuvare, (ad)iūvī, (ad)iūtum | to help, aid, assist; please |
| sum, esse, fuī, futūrus | to be, exist |
| adulēscentia, -ae, f. | youth, youthfulness, young manhood |
| animus, -ī, m. | soul, spirit, mind |
| animī, animōrum, m.pl. | courage, high spirits, pride |
| caelum, -ī, n. | sky, heaven |
| culpa, -ae, f. | fault, blame |
| gloria, -ae, f. | glory, fame |
| verbum, -ī, n. | word |
| tē (acc.) | you, yourself (DO) |
| tē (abl.) | by, with, from you, yourself |
| līber, lībera, līberum | free |
| noster, nostra, nostrum | our, ours |
| pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum | beautiful, handsome; fine |
| sanus, -a, -um | sane, healthy, sound |
| igitur | therefore, consequently |
| -ne | indicates question (usu. yes/no) to which answer is uncertain |
| propter, prep. + acc. | an account of, because of |
| crās | tomorrow |
| herī | yesterday |
| quandō (rel. adv. and conj.) | when |
| sī quandō | if ever |
| Quando . . . ? (interog.) | When . . . ? |
| satis | enough |
| tum | then, at that time |
| cēnō (1) | to dine |
| culpō (1) | to blame, censure |
| (re)maneō, -manēre, -mansī, -mansum | to remain, stay, stay behind, abide, continue |
| superō (1) | to have the upper hand, surpass, overcome, conquer |
| dea, -ae, f.; dat./abl.pl. deabus | goddess |
| deus, deī, m. | god |
| discipula, -ae, f. | female student, learner, pupil |
| discipulus, -ī, m. | male student, learner, pupil |
| īnsidiae, -ārum, f. pl. | ambush, plot, treachery |
| liber, librī, m. | book |
| tyrannus, -ī, m. | tyrant, absolute ruler |
| vitium, -iī, n. | vice, fault, crime |
| Graecus, -a, -um | Greek |
| Graecus, -ī, m. | a Greek |
| perpetuus, -a, -um | perpetual, lasting, uninterrupted, continuous |
| plēnus, -a, -um | full, abundant, generous |
| salvus, -a, -um | safe, sound |
| secundus, -a, -um | second, favorable |
| vester, vestra, vestrum | your (pl) |
| -que | and (enclitic conjunction) |
| ubi (rel. adv. and conj.) | where, when |
| Ubi . . . ? (interrogative) | Where . . . ? |
| ibi | there |
| nunc | now, at present |
| quārē | because of which thing; therefore, wherefore, why |
| possum, posse, potuī | to be able; can; could; have power |
| tolerō (1) | to bear, endure |
| amor, amōris, m. | love |
| carmen, carmenis, n. | poem, song |
| corpus, corporis, n. | body |
| homo, hominis, m. | man, person, human being |
| labor, labōris, m. | work, labor toil; a work, production |
| littera, -ae, f. | a letter of the alphabet |
| litterae, -ārum, f.pl. | a letter (epistle); literature |
| mōs, mōris, m. | habit, custom, manner |
| mōrēs, mōrum, m.pl. | habits, morals, character |
| nōmen, nōminis, n. | name |
| pax, pacis, f. | peace (as in absence of war) |
| rēgīna, -ae, f. | queen |
| rēx, rēgis, m. | king |
| tempus, temporis, n. | time; occasion, opportunity |
| terra, -ae, f. | earth, land, ground, country |
| uxor, uxōris, f. | wife |
| virgo, virginis, f. | maiden, virgin |
| virtūs, virtūtis, f. | courage, manliness; excellence, character, worth, virtue |
| novus, -a, -um | new; strange |
| post + acc. | after, behind |
| sub + abl. or acc. | under, up under, close to |
| audeō, audēre, ausus sum (semi-deponent) | to dare |
| necō (1) | to kill, murder |
| Cicerō, Cicerōnis, m. | Cicero |
| cōpia, -ae, f. | abundance, supply |
| cōpiae, -ārum, f.pl. | supplies, troops, forces |
| frāter, frātris, m. | brother |
| laus, laudis, f. | praise, glory, fame |
| lībertās, lībertātis, f. | liberty |
| ratiō, ratiōnis, f. | reckoning, account; reason, judgment; system; method |
| scriptor, scriptōris, m. | writer, author |
| soror, sorōris, f. | sister |
| victōria, victōriae, f. | victory |
| dum | while, asl long as, at the same time that |
| ad + acc. | to, up to, near to |
| ex/ē + abl. | out of, from from within; by reason of |
| numquam | never |
| tamen | nevertheless, still |
| agō, agere, ēgī, actum | to drive, lead, do, act; pass, spend (life or time) |
| demonstrō (1) | to point out, show; demonstrate |
| gratiās agere + dat. | to thank someone; to give thanks to |
| discō, discere, didicī | to learn |
| doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum | to teach |
| dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum | to lead; consider, regard; prolong |
| gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum | to carry; carry on, manage, conduct, wage, accomplish, perform |
| scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum | to write, compose |
| trahō, trahere, trāxī, tractum | to draw, drag; derive, acquire |
| vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum | to conquer, overcome |
| locus, -ī, m. | place; passage of literature |
| loca, locōrum, n. pl. | places, region |
| locī, locōrum, m. pl. | passages in literature |
| morbus, -ī, m. | disease, sickness |
| studium, studiī, n. | study, eagerness, zeal, pursuit |
| hic, haec, hoc | this; the latter |
| ille, illa, illud | that; the former; the famous |
| iste, ista, istud | that of yours, that; such; (s.t. pejorative) |
| alius, -a, -ud | other, another |
| aliī . . . aliī | some . . . others |
| alter, altera, alterum | the other (of two); second |
| neuter, neutra, neutrum | not either, neither |
| nūllus, -a, -um | not any; no, none |
| nōn sōlum . . . sed etiam | not only . . . but also |
| sōlus, -a, -um | alone, only; the only |
| tōtus, -a, -um | whole, entire |
| ūllus, -a, -um | any |
| ūnus, -a, -um | one, single, alone |
| uter, utra, utrum | either; which (of two) |
| enim | for, in fact, truly |
| in + acc. | into, onto; against |
| nimis/nimium | too, too much, excessively |
| amīcitia, -ae, f. | friendship |
| cupiditās, cupiditātis, f. | desire, longing, passion; cupidity, avarice |
| hōra, -ae, f. | hour, time |
| nātūra, -ae, f. | nature |
| senectus, senectūtis, f. | old age |
| timor, timōris, m. | fear |
| vēritās, vēritātis, f. | truth |
| via, -ae, f. | road, way, street |
| voluptās, voluptātis, f. | pleasure |
| beātus, -a, -um | blessed, happy, fortunate |
| quoniam | since, inasmuch as |
| cum + abl. | with |
| audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum | to hear, listen to |
| capiō, capere, cēpī, captus | to take, capture, seize, get |
| dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum | to say, tell, speak |
| faciō, facere, fēcī, factum | to make, do, accomplish |
| fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrum | to flee, hurry away; escape; go into exile; avoid, shun |
| veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum | to come |
| inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventus | to come upon, find, discover |
| vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum | to live |
| caput, capitis, n. | head; leader; beginning; life; heading; chapter |
| cōnsul, cōnsulis, m. | consul |
| nēmō, nūllīus, nēminī, nēminem, nūllō/nūllā, m. or f. | no one, nobody |
| ego, meī | I, me |
| tū, tuī | you |
| is, ea, id | this, that; he, she, it |
| īdem, eadem, idem | the same |
| amīcus, -a, -um | friendly |
| cārus, -a, -um | dear |
| quod, conj. | because |
| neque, nec | and not, nor |
| neque . . . neque or nec . . . nec | neither . . . nor |
| autem | however; moreover |
| bene | well, satisfactorily, quite |
| etiam | even, also |
| intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctum | to understand |
| mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum | to send, let go |
| sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum | to feel, perceive, think, experience |
| adulēscēns, adulēscentis, m./f. | young man or young woman |
| annus, -ī, m. | year |
| Asia, -ae, f. | Asia (usu. Asia Minor) |
| Caesar, Caesaris, m. | Caesar |
| māter, mātris, f. | mother |
| medicus, -ī, m. | doctor, physician |
| medica, -ae, f. | woman doctor, physician |
| pater, patris, m. | father |
| patientia, -ae, f. | patience; suffering; endurance |
| prīncipium, -ī, n. | beginning |
| acerbus, -a, -um | bitter, harsh, grievous |
| prō + abl. | in front of, before, on behalf of, in return for |
| diū | for a long time |
| nūper | recently |
| āmittō, āmittere, āmīsī, āmissum (=ab + mittō) | to lose, let go |
| cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrus | to fall |
| creō (1) | to create |
| divitiae, divitiarum | riches, wealth |
| factum, -i, n. | deed, act, achievement |
| signum, -i, n. | sign, signal, indication; seal |
| ipse, ipsa, ipsum | myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself; the very, the actual |
| quisque, quidque | each one, each person, each thing |
| sui, sibi, se, se | 3rd pers reflex pron: himself, herself, itself, themselves |
| doctus, -a, -um | learned, taught, skilled |
| fortunatus, -a, -um | fortunate, lucky, happy |
| suus, -a, -um | reflex. possess, 3rd pers: his, her, its, their own |
| nam | for |
| ante + acc. | before, in front of |
| per + acc. | through; by (with refl. pron) |
| olim | once, at that time; formerly; in the future |
| alo, alere, alui, altum | to nourish, support, sustain, increase; cherish |
| diligo, diligere, dilexi, dilectum | to esteem, honor, love |
| iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctum | to join |
| sto, stare, steti, statum | to stand, stand still, stand firm |
| animal, animalis, n. | animal, living creature |
| aqua, -ae, f. | water |
| ars, artis, f. | art, skill |
| auris, auris, f. | ear |
| civis, civis, m./f. | citizen |
| ius, iuris, n. | right, justice, law |
| mare, maris, n. | sea |
| mors, mortis, f. | death |
| nubes, nubis, f. | cloud |
| os, oris, n. | mouth, face |
| pars, partis, f. | part, share; direction |
| Roma, -ae, f. | Rome |
| turba, -ae, f. | crowd, uproar, disturbance, mob, multitude |
| urbs, urbis, f. | city |
| vis, vis, f. | force, power |
| vires, virium, f. pl. | strength |
| a/ab + abl. | away from, away, from; by |
| trans + acc. | across |
| appello (1) | to speak to, address (as), call, name |
| curro, currere, cucurri, cursum | to run, rush, move quickly |
| muto (1) | to change, alter; exchange |
| teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum | to hold, keep, possess; restrain |
| vito (1) | to avoid, shun |
| Italia, Italiae, f. | Italy |
| memoria, memoriae, f. | memory, recollection |
| tempestas, tempestatis, f. | storm, season, weather; period of time |
| centum | one hundred |
| mille | a thousand, one thousand |
| milia, milium, n. pl. | thousands |
| miser, misera, miserum | wretched, miserable |
| inter + acc. | between, among |
| itaque | therefore, and so |
| committo, committere, commisi, commissum | to commit, entrust |
| exspecto (1) | to look for, expect, await |
| iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum | to throw, hurl |
| timeo, timere, timui | to fear, be afraid, be afraid of |
| unus, -a, -um | one |
| duo, duae, duo | two |
| tres, tria | three |
| quattuor | four |
| quinque | five |
| sex | six |
| septem | seven |
| octo | eight |
| novem | nine |
| decem | ten |
| undecim | eleven |
| duodecim | twelve |
| primus, -a, -um | first |
| secundus, -a, -um | second |
| tertius, -a, -um | third |
| quartus, -a, -um | fourth |
| quintus, -a, -um | fifth |
| sextus, -a, -um | sixth |
| septimus, -a, -um | seventh |
| octavus, -a, -um | eighth |
| nonus, -a, -um | ninth |
| decimus, -a, -um | tenth |
| undecimus, -a, -um | eleventh |
| duodecimus, -a, -um | twelfth |
| aetas, aetatis, f. | period of life, life, age, and age, time |
| auditor, auditoris, m. | hearer, listener, member of an audience |
| clementia, -ae, f. | mercy, mildness, gentleness |
| mens, mentis, f. | mind, thought, intention |
| satura, -ae, f. | satire |
| acer, acris, acre | sharp, keen, eager; severe |
| brevis, breve | short, small, brief |
| celer, celeris, celere | swift, quick, rapid |
| difficilis, difficile | hard, troublesome, difficult |
| dulcis, dulce | sweet; pleasant, agreeable |
| facilis, facile | easy; agreeable |
| fortis, forte | strong, brave |
| ingens, gen. ingentis | huge |
| iucundus, -a, -um | pleasant, delightful, agreeable, pleasing |
| longus, -a, -um | long |
| omnis, omne | every, all |
| potens, gen. potentis | able, powerful, mighty, strong |
| senex, gen. senis | old, aged; old man |
| quam | how |
| rego, regere, rexi, rectum | to rule, guide, direct |
| libellus, -i, m. | little book |
| qui, quae, quod | who, which, what, that |
| caecus, -a, -um | blind |
| levis, leve | light, easy, slight, trivial |
| aut | or |
| aut . . . aut | either . . . or |
| cito | quickly |
| quoque | also, too |
| admitto, admittere, admisi, admissus | to admit, receive, let in |
| coepi, coepisse, coeptum | began |
| cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum | to desire, wish, long for (not desidero) |
| deleo, delere, delevi, deletum | to destroy, wipe out, erase |
| desidero (1) | to desire, long for, miss (not cupio) |
| incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptum | to begin |
| navigo (1) | to sail, navigate |
| neglego, neglegere, neglexi, neglectum | to neglect, disregard |
| recito (1) | to recite, read aloud |
| flūmen, flūmenis, n. | river |
| genus, generis, n. | origin; kind, type, sort, class |
| hostis, hostis, m. | an enemy (of the state) |
| hostēs, hostium, m. pl. | the enemy |
| lūdus, lūdī, m. | game, sport; school |
| probitās, probitātis, f. | uprightness, honesty |
| scientia, scientiae, f. | knowledge |
| clārus, -a, -um | clear, bright; renowned, famous, illustrious |
| mortālis, mortāle | mortal |
| cūr | why |
| deinde | thereupon, next, then |
| fluō, fluere, flūxī, flūxum | to flow |
| legō, legere, lēgī, lēctum | to pick out, choose; read |
| misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mixtum | to mix, stir up, disturb |
| moveō, movēre, movī, mōtum | to move; arouse, affect |
| videor, vidērī, vīsus sum | to be seen, seem, appear |
| argūmentum, -ī, n. | proof, evidence, argument |
| auctor, auctōris, m. | increaser; author, originator |
| beneficium, beneficiī, n. | benefit, kindness; favor |
| familia, -ae, f. | household, family |
| Graecia, -ae, f. | Greece |
| iūdex, iūdicis, m. | judge, juror |
| iūdicium, iūdiciī, n. | judgment, decision, opinion; trial |
| scelus, sceleris, n. | evil deed, crime, sin, wickedness |
| quis? quid? | who? interrog. pron.: whose? whom? what? which? |
| quī? quae? quod? | interrog. adj.: what? which? what kind of? |
| certus, -a, -um | definite, sure, certain, reliable |
| gravis, grave | heavy, weighty; serious, important; severe, grievous |
| immortālis, immortāle | not subject to death, immortal |
| at | but; but, mind you; but, you say (more emotional than "sed") |
| nisi | if . . . not, unless; except |
| contra + acc. | against |
| iam | now, already, soon |
| dēlectō (1) | to delight, charm, please |
| liberō (1) | to free, liberate |
| parō (1) | to prepare, provide; get, obtain |
| coniūrātī, coniūrātōrum, m.pl. | conspirators |
| cornū, cornūs, n. | horn |
| frūctus, frūctūs, m. | fruit; profit; benefit; enjoyment |
| genū, genūs, n. | knee |
| manus, manūs, f. | hand; handwriting; band |
| metus, -ūs, m. | fear, dread, anxiety |
| senātus, -ūs, m. | senate |
| sēnsus, sēnsūs, m. | feeling, sense |
| servitūs, servitūtis, f. | servitude, slavery |
| spīritus, spīritūs, m. | spirit, soul; breath, breathing |
| versus, -ūs, m. | line of verse |
| commūnis, commūne | common, general, of/for the community |
| dexter, dextra, dextrum | right, right-hand |
| sinister, sinistra, sinistrum | left, left-hand; harmful, ill-omened |
| careō, carēre, caruī, caritūrum | +abl. of sep. to be without, to lack, want, to be deprived of; to be free from |
| dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfensum | to defend; ward off; protect |
| discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessum | to go away, depart |
| ōdī, ōdisse, ōsūrum | to hate |
| prohibeō, prohibēre, prohibuī, prohibitum | to keep (back), prevent, hinder, restrain, prohibit |
| pronuntiō, pronuntiāre, pronuntiāvī, pronuntiātum | to proclaim, announce, pronounce |
| casa, -ae, f. | house, cottage, hut |
| causa, -ae, f. | cause, reason; case, situation |
| causā, abl. with preceding genitive | for the sake of, on account of |
| fenestra, -ae, f. | window |
| fīnis, fīnis, m. | end, limit, boundary; purpose |
| fīnēs, fīnium, m. pl. | boundaries, territory |
| gēns, gentis, f. | clan, race, nation, people |
| mundus, -ī, m. | world, universe |
| nāvis, nāvis, f. | ship, boat |
| salūs, salūtis, f. | health, safety; greeting |
| Trōia, -ae, f. | troy |
| vīcīnus, -ī, m.; vīcīna, -ae, f. | neighbor |
| vulgus, -ī, n. (sometimes masc.) | the common people, mob, rabble |
| asper, aspera, asperum | rough, harsh |
| atque or ac | and, and also, and even |
| iterum | again, a second time |
| contineō, continēre, continuī, contentum | to hold together, contain, keep, enclose, restrain |
| iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum | to bid, order, command |
| labōrō, labōrāre, labōrāvī, labōrātum | to labor; be in distress |
| rapiō, rapere, rapuī, raptum | to seize, snatch, carry away |
| relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictum | to leave behind, leave, abandon, desert |
| sciō, scīre, scīv, scītum | to know |
| tangō, tangere, tetigī, tāctum | to touch |
| diēs, diēī, m. | day |
| ferrum, -ī, n. | iron, sword |
| fidēs, fideī, f. | faith, trust, trustworthiness fidelity; promise, guarantee; protection |
| ignis, ignis, m. | fire |
| modus, modī, m. | measure, bound, limit; manner, method, mode, way |
| rēs, reī, f. | thing, affair, matter, business |
| rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae, f. | state, commonwealth, republic |
| spēs, speī, f. | hope |
| aequus, -a, -um | level, even; calm; equal, just; favorable |
| fēlix, gen fēlicis (adj.) | lucky, fortunate, happy |
| incertus, -a, -um | uncertain, unsure, doubtful |
| Latīnus, -a, -um | Latin |
| medius, -a, -um | middle; the middle of |
| quondam | formerly, once |
| ūltrā, adv. and prep. + acc. | beyond, on the other side of |
| prōtinus | immediately |
| cernō, cernere, crēvī, crētum | to distinguish, discern, perceive |
| ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptum | to snatch away, tear away; rescue |
| inquit | he/she says, said |
| tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātum | to raise, lift up; take away, remove; destroy |
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