| A | B |
|---|
| Wabash vs. Illinois | Supreme Court Decision that prohibited states from regulating railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the right to regulate interstate commerce. As a result, reformers turned their attention to the Federal government, which had the sole power to regulate the railroad industry |
| American Federation of Labor | a national federation of trade unions that only included skilled workers. Led by Samuel Gompers for nearly 4 decades it sought to negotiate with employers for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers with better wages, hours and condition. Membership was predominately white and male. |
| Closed Shop | union organizing term which only allowed union members to be employed at a company. The company agreed to hire only union members |
| Haymarket Square Incident | A May Day rally that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting killing several people. 8 anarchists were arrested for conspiracy creating controversy. The evidence against them was suspicious. 4 were executed and one committed suicide by blowing up dynamite in his mouth. Three were pardoned in 1893. |
| Horizontal Integration | Practice used by JD Rockefeller. He dominated the refining phase of oil production and drove his competitors to join him in his Standard Oil Trust virtually eliminating competition. |
| Interlocking Directorates | Practice of having directors from one company serve on the board of directors of another company. JP Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate competition in the banking industry |
| Knights of Labor | 2nd national labor organization organized in 1869 as a secret society and open to members in 1881. They organized regardless of skill, gender or race. Discord among skilled and unskilled labor as well as their involvement in violent strikes in the 1880s led to their demise. |
| National Labor Union | The first national labor union founded in 1866. They limited participation of Chinese, women and blacks. It devoted much of its energy to an 8 hour workday before it dissolved in 1872 |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | Law that forbade trusts or combination in business. It was a landmark case because it was one of the first Congressional attempts to regulate business for the public's good. It was ironically used to regulate trade unions as the courts sided with companies. |
| Alexander G. Bell | inventor of the telephone |
| Andrew Carnegie | Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons". He is the Steel King. |
| Thomas A. Edison | American inventor famous for the light bulb and his inventions which use electricity |
| Vertical Integration | practice in which a single manufacturer controls all of the steps used to change raw materials into finished products |
| Trust | any large-scale business combination |
| Bessemer Process | A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities. |
| US Steel Corporation (1901) | Bought from Carnegie by J.P morgan for 400 million, turned into the first billion dollar corp. |
| Gustavus Swift/ Philip Armour | Titans of the meat industry |
| Gospel of Wealth | the belief that those entrusted with society's riches had to prove themselves morally responsible, book written by Carnegie |
| James Buchanan Duke | Formed the American Tabacco Company, controlled 90% of the cigarette market |
| The "New South" | Not all white southerners revered the lost cause. Many looked to the future rather tha the past. They attempted to modernize the South's economy and to disversify southern agriculture. They encouraged northern investment and the building of new railroads to tie the south into national and internaltional markets. Rather than a lost cause, these southerners looked to a new south |
| "Pittsburgh Plus" Pricing | Pittsburgh steel lords forced railroad to give same fee to Birmingham, AL even though Birmingham would be shipping a shorter distance. |
| Gibson Girl | Women's magazine promoting an independent and athletic woman. |
| Scabs | Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike |
| Yellow-dog Contracts | A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company. |
| Blacklist | List of strikers made by factories so they would not be hired at other companies. |
| Terrence Powderly | led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor |
| "Mother" Jones | United States labor leader who helped to found the Industrial Workers of the World (1830-1930) |
