| A | B |
|---|
| Name one of the two basic rules for safety and protection. | Never do anything to your patient that you would not like to have done to you; it is easier to do it right the first time than to explain why you did it wrong. |
| Name one of the four principles for operator protection | never stand in direct line of the primary beam; never hold the film in the patient's mouth; never stand closer than 6 ft away from the x-ray unit unless you are behind an acceptable barrier; never use equipment that is faulty or that you suspect is faulty |
| Name one of the four principles for patient protection | Benefit should outweigh risk; protect patient as much as possible; paralleling technique is recommended; proper exposure and processing techniques should be employed to produce best images |
| Name the 2 dimensional images found on a radiograph | length and width |
| images made by placing the x-ray film inside the mouth are called? | intraoral |
| What type of radiograph records images of the teeth and supporting structures (entire tooth plus 3-4 mm beyond root apex) | periapical |
| A radiograph that records images of the crowns and interproximal regions of the maxillary and mandibular teeth on the same film | bitewing |
| a radiograph that records images of a large portion of a dental arch on one film | occlusal |
| What size of film is typically the "pedo" film? | 0 |
| What size film is typically used for children with mixed dentitions? | 1 |
| What size of film is used mainly for adult PAs and BWs | 2 |
| What size film is typically used for adult occlusals? | 4 |
| Are bitewings needed for an edentulous patient in the FMX? | no |
| When the tubehead is pointing downward, is this positive or negative angulation? | positive |
| If there is too much vertical angulation, what error occurs? | Foreshortening |
| If there is not enough vertical angulation, what error occurs? | Elongation |
| If overlapping occurs, what happened? | Incorrect horizontal angulation |
| If a tubehead is not centered over the film being photographed, what error occurs? | Cone cut |
| In the paralleling technique, what is the film packet placed parallel to? | long axis of the teeth |
| where is the film placed at the most anterior spot when taking a premolar periapical radiograph? | distal half of canine |
| what is centered when taking a lateral incisor/canine PA? | Interproximal of LI and can |
| How many films is a typical FMX? | 18 films |
| In mounting is the indicator dot placed up or down? | up |
| What radiolucent vertical line can be found between the maxillary central incisors? | median palatine suture |
| On which arch would you see bifurcated roots on the molars? | Mandibular |
| A radiopaque landmark found superimposed over the molars in the mandible is? | Oblique ridge |
| A radiolucency found by the roots of the mandibular premolars is? | mental foramen |
| What is the most radiopaque structure of the tooth? | enamel |
| The radiopaque ring around the lingual foramen is called the? | Genial tubercles |
| Is a sinus radiopaque or radiolucent? | radiolucent |
| How is the central ray placed in the paralleling technique? | perpendicular to film/long axis |
| How should a patient be positioned for radiographs? | upright, midline perpendicular to floor, occlusal plane (ala-tragus line) parallel to floor |
| Name the four parts of the dental x-ray film packet. | outer wrap, black paper, lead foil, dental film |
| One a dental film, what is suspended in the emulsion? | Silver halide crystals |
| What is the image called on a film after exposing, but before processing? | latent image |
| If a film is unexposed and processed, what would it look like? | clear |
| If the speed of the film increases, what happens to the size of the crystals? | They get bigger |
| What is the slowest film speed on the market today? | D-Speed |
| What does the coin test check? | The safelight's effectiveness |
| How far from the counter does the safelight need to be in a darkroom at a minimum? | 4 feet |
| What color should the safelight filter be? | red or orange |
| Can film be stored in the darkroom? | No |
| What is the first step of processing (either manual or automatic)? | Developing |
| What step in processing reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black? | Developing |
| What is the chemical that the acts as a preservative in the processing chemicals? | sodium sulfite |
| What processing step removes all unexposed silver halide crystals? | Fixer |
| If a film is overdeveloped, how will it look? | Dark |
| If a film is overfixed, how will it look? | light |
| What are the 5 steps of manual processing (in the correct order) | develop, rinse, fix, wash, dry |
| How often should processing solutions be changed? | every 3-4 weeks |
| what is the optimal temperature of the developer in manual processing? | 68-70 deg F |
| If the developer is 70 deg F, what time would be used for developing film manually? | 4 min |
| What is the biggest advantage of manual processing? | Less maintenance |
| What is the biggest advantage of automatic processing? | Reduces time |
| What step is eliminated from processing when using an automatic processor? | Rinse |
| How often do processing solutions need to be checked for replenishment? | Daily |
| What error does excessive film bending cause? | distortion |
| If you have one film that is clear after processing and one that seems to show 2 different images, what happened? | double exposure |
| If the PID is not close to the cheek during exposure, how does the resulting image look? | light (underexposed) |
| If you use too high of exposure settings, how will the resulting image look? | dark (overexposed) |
| IF a herringbone pattern appears on an exposed and processed radiograph, what happened? | Not "white to the bite" |
| If another office requests radiographs, do we send originals? | no, duplicates |
| Who discovered x-rays and in what year? | Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen; 1895 |
| The shorter the wavelength, the ________ the frequency | higher |
| What particle of the atom is negatively charged? | Electrons |
| What particle of the atom is neutral. | Neutron |
| Hard radiation has ________ wavelengths. | short |
| An x-ray particle is called a? | photon |
| Which part of the tubehead is the negatively charged part? | Cathode |
| What part of the tubehead is the target found? | Anode |
| What material is the focusing cup made out of? | molybdenum |
| When the electrons are "boiled" off the filament, what is this process called? | thermionic emission |
| What takes out the long, lazy wavelengths from the primary beam? | filter |
| What restricts the size of the primary beam? | collimator |
| What setting(s) affects quantity of x-radiation? | mA and time |
| What setting affects quality of the x-ray beam? | kVp |
| What does the PID stand for? | position indicating device |
| If an x-ray machine is set at 65 kVp, how much aluminum filtration is required? | 1.5 mm |
| What diameter does the collimator have to restrict the primary beam to? | 2.75 in |
| What material(s) is the anode made out of? | copper and tungsten |
| If a film has high contrast, what does that mean? | Black and white with very little shades of gray |
| If something has a long scale of contrast, what does this mean? | lots of shades of gray |
| If you want to increase the contrast on a film, what is done to the setting? | lower kVp |
| What refers to the overall lightness or darkness of a film? | Density |
| If mA is decreased, what happens to an image's density? | it is reduced |
| Which beam is more intense-16" or 8"? | 8" |
| If we decrease the focal spot size in a tubehead, what happens to sharpness? | It gets sharper |
| What is the fuzziness around an object called on a radiograph? | penumbra |
| What is more unsharp: a long or short object to film distance? | long |
