| A | B |
|---|
| selective breeding | individual organisms with desired traits or characteristics are chosen to reproduce |
| domestic crops and animals | almost all have been a result of selective breeding |
| hybrid | a cross between dissimilar individuals |
| inbreeding | the continued breeding of closely related organisms |
| inbreeding can do this to an organism | weaken the individual |
| mutation | an inheritable change in the genetic information (DNA) |
| chromosomal mutations | any change in the number or structure of a cell's chromosome |
| chromosomal mutations are usually a result of this | disjunction errors during meiosis |
| deletion | a chromosomal mutation - a piece of the chromosome is lost |
| duplication | a chromosomal mutation - a piece of the chromosome is repeated |
| inversion | a chromosomal mutation - parts of the chromosome are reversed |
| translocation | a chromosomal mutation - a piece of the chromosome is traded with a piece of another |
| myostatin | a protein involved in the regulation of muscle growth - a mutation in the gene that codes for myostatin can result in not enough of this protein being produced, which can lead to the overgrowth of muscle |
| induced mutation | mutations of DNA that do not occur due to natural causes |
| Genetic Engineering | making changes to/manipulating DNA |
| these cut DNA | restriction enzymes |
| plasmid | a circular piece of DNA in bacteria |
| recombinant DNA | taking a piece of DNA and inserting it into another organism's DNA (performed by splicing) |
| transgenic organism | an organism whose DNA contains a gene(s) spliced from the DNA of another organism |
| gene splicing | cutting a gene from DNA and rejoining it to another piece of DNA (makes recombinant DNA) |
| Biosynthetic insulin | made in the lab using bacteria with recombinant DNA |
| cloning | process of creating an organism that is genetically identical to an existing one |
| gene mutation | can be an addition or a deletion of a base pair, which often causes a frameshift mutation |
| frameshift mutation | a change in the base pairs (addition or deletion) which causes the codons to be "read" incorrectly, shifting the frame from reading the correct groups of 3 base pairs which code for certain amino acids |
| manipulating DNA | The processes which allow scientists to extract, cut, copy, separate, read, and splice DNA |
| adding this to cells allows for the DNA to be extracted from the nucleus | detergent |
| cloning | using the DNA from a somatic cell of an organism, and implanting it into the empty egg cell of a similar organism, resulting in a genetically identical offspring to the DNA donor |
| Dolly | first known cloned animal - 1996 |
| mutagen | an environmental factor that can mutate DNA |
| point mutation | a gene mutation that involves a single nucleotide (deletion, substitution or duplication) |
| GMO | Genetically Modified Organism |
