| A | B |
|---|
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| women's suffrage | women's struggle to gain the right to vote |
| liberal | those who wanted changes made in society |
| Victorian era | approximately 1830-1900, the period of time Victoria was queen of England. This was the period of time Britain was at the peak of its power |
| anti-semitism | discrimination or hostility toward Jews |
| Zionism | a movement for the re-establishment and the development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel |
| Creoles | a person born in Latin America but of Spanish ancestry |
| nationalism | a feeling that people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries |
| realpolitik | making political decisons based on a country's situation and its needs rather than on it's ideals |
| autocracy | a system of government by one person with absolute power |
| serfs | an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on their lord's estate |
| pogroms | attacks organized by a government against Jews in Russia or eastern Europe |
| "blood and iron" | reliance on and use of force to accomplish a political goal |
| ethnic | the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition |
| coerced | persuade (an unwilling person) to do something often by using force or threats |
| socialist republic | state that is constitutionally dedicated to the construction of a communist society |
| social Darwinism | a 19th-century doctrine that the social order is a product of natural selection of those persons best suited to existing living conditions (survival of the fittest) |
| assimilate | to cause a person or group to become part of a different society or country |
| extraterritoriality | when the citizens of a country do not have to obey the laws of another country they are living or visiting. |
| discrimination | unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, esp. on the grounds of race, age, or sex |
| yoke | something that causes people to be treated cruelly and unfairly especially by taking away their freedom |
| colony | a country under the political control of another country |
| protectorate | A relationship of protection and partial control assumed by a superior power over a dependent country or region |
| ethnocentrism | to believe that one's ethnic or cultural group is centrally important, and that all other groups are of less importance |
| mutiny | an open rebellion against those inauthority |
| sphere of influence | any area in which one nation controls some of the territory of |
| prejudice | a preconceived opinion, often about a group of people, that is not based on fact or actual experience |
| unequal treaties | refers to treaties signed with Western powers during the 19th and early 20th centuries by Qing Dynasty China. These treaties were more benefical to the European powers than to the Chinese. |
| Benjamin Disraeli | leader of the British Conservative party during much of Queen Vitoria's reign. He twice served as Prime Minister |
| Jose de San Martin | was an Argentine general and the leader of theindependence movement in Argintina, Chile, and Uruguay |
| Napoleon III | Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte was the first President of the French Republic and, as Napoleon III, the ruler of the Second French Empire |
| Miguel Hidalgo | a Mexican priest and a leader of the Mexican War of Independence; often called the father of Mexican independence |
| Simon Bolivar | leader of the independence movements in most of the countries in northern part of South America |
| Jose Maria Morelos | a Roman Catholic priest he led the Mexican War of Independence movement, after the execution of Miguel Hidalgo |
| Louis Philippe | King of the French from 1830 to 1848; often called the elected king |
| William Gladstone | leader of the British Liberal party during much of Queen Vitoria's reign. He served as Prime Minister four times |
| Giuseppe Mazzini | known as the heart of Italy, he wrote many books and articles that inspired those working for the unification of Italy |
| Camillo di Cavour | known as the brain of Italy, he worked as a political to unite the various Italian states into one country |
| Vladimir Lenin | aa Russian communist revolutionary, he led the Bolshevik party. Bolsheviks wanted to overthrow the Czar and make Russia communist |
| Victor Emmanuel | was king of Sardinia from 1849 until, on 17 March 1861, he assumed the title King of Italy to become the first king of a united Italy |
| Magyars | also sometimes known as Hungarians, Maygars are the major ethnic group in Hungary |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | known as the sword of Italy, he led the armies fighting to unite Italy |
| Nicholas II | he was the last Czat of Russia. During his reign, Russia lost a war to Japan, his soldiers attacked a crowd of his subjects begging Nicolas for food (Bloody Sunday), and communists attempted a revolt in 1905 |
| Otto von Bismarck | a Prussian statesman who dominated German and most of Europe with his conservative policies from the 1860s through the 1880's. In 1871, after a series of short victorious wars, he unified most of the German states (excluding Austria) into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership |
| Young Turks | a Turkish nationalist reform party of the early 20th century, they called for the creation of a democratic state to replace the Ottoman Empire |
| Franz Joseph I | he led the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary from 1848 until his death in 1916. He tried unsuccessfully to make Austria the leader of Germany. He also tried to keep control of an Empire which consisted of many ethnic groups that wanted their independence |
| Alexander II | known as the Czar Liberator; he freed the serfs of Russia in 1861, but his people never felt his reforms were enought. Eventually he was assinated by his people in 1881. |
