| A | B |
|---|
| Parlements | French regional courts dominated by hereditary nobles. The Parlement of Paris claimed the right to register royal decrees before they could become law. |
| Girondins | A moderate republican faction active in the French Revolution from 1791-1793. The Girondin Party favored a policy of extending the French Revolution beyond France's borders. |
| Jacobins | a radical republican party during the French Revolution. Led by Maximilien Robespierre, the Jacobins unleashed the Reign of Terror. Other key leaders included Jean-Paul Marat, Georges-Jacques Danton, and the Comte de Mirabeau. The Marquis de Lafayette was NOT a Jacobin. |
| Sans-culottes | the working people of Paris who were characterized by their long working pants and support for radical politics. |
| Levee en Masse | The French policy of conscripting all males into the army. This created a new type of military force based upon mass participation and a fully mobilized economy. |
| Thermidorian reaction | Name given to the reaction against the radicalism of the French Revolution. It is associated with the end of the Reign of Terror and reassertion of bourgeoisie power in the Directory. |
| Legitimacy | the principle the rulers who have been driven from their thrones should be restored to power. For example, the Congress of Vienna restored the Bourbons to power in France. |
| balance of power | a strategy to maintain an equilibrium, in which weak countries join together to match or exceed the power of a stronger country. It was one of the guiding principles of the Congress of Vienna. |
| liberalism | political philosophy that in the nineteenth century advocated representative government dominated by the propertied classes, minimal government interference in the economy, religious toleration, and civil liberties such as freedom of speech. |
| conservatism | political philosophy that in the nineteenth century supported legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches. Conservatives favored gradual change in the established social order. |
| nationalism | belief that a nation consists of a group of people who share similar traditions, history, and language. Nationalists argued that every nation should be sovereign and include all members of a community. A person's greatest loyalty should be to a nation-state. |
| romanticism | philosophical and artistic movement in late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Europe that represented a reaction against the Neoclassical emphasis upon reason. Romantic artists, writers,and composers stressed emotion and the contemplation of nature. |
| chartism | a program of political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830's. Chartist demands included universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons |
| Zollverein | a free trade union established among the major German states in 1834. |
| Carbonari | a secret revolutionary society working to unify Italy in the 1820s. |
| Luddites | a social movement of British textile artisans in the early nineteenth century who protested against the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution. They believed that the new industrial machinery would eliminate their jobs. They responded by attempting to destroy the mechanized looms and other new machines. |
| utilitarianism | a theory associated with Jeremy Bentham that is based upon the principle of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." Bentham argued that this principle should be applied to each nation's government, economy, and judicial system. |
| utopian socialists | early nineteenth century socialists who hoped to replace the overly competitive capitalist structure with planned communities guided by a spirit of cooperation. Leading French utopian socialists such as Charles Fourier and Louis Blanc believed that property should be communally owned. |
| marxism | political and economic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. They believed that history is the result of a class conflict that will end with the triumph of the industrial proletariat over the bourgeoisie. The new classless society would abolish private property. |
