| A | B |
|---|
| second industrial revolution | a wave of late 19th century industrialization that was characterized by an increased use of steel, chemical processes, electric power, and railroads. This period also witnessed the spread of industrialization from Great Britain to western Europe and the United States. Both the United States and Germany soon rivaled Great Britain. |
| social darwinism | the belief that there is a natural evolutionary process by which the fittest will survive. Wealthy business and industrial leaders used Social Darwinism to justify their success. |
| realpolitik | "the politics of reality"; used to describe the tough, practical politics in which idealism and romanticism play no part. Otto von Bismarck and Camillo Benso di Cavour were the leading practitioners of realpolitik. |
| syndicalism | a radical political movement that advocated bringing industry and government under the control of federations of labor unions. Syndicalists endorsed direct actions such as strikes and sabotage. |
| autocracy | a government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner. The Romanov dynasty in Russia is the best example of autocracy. |
| Duma | the Russian parliament created after the revolution of 1905 |
| imperialism | the policy of extending one country's rule over other lands by conquest or economic domination. |
| sphere of influence | a region dominated by, but not directly ruled by, a foreign nation. |
