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| cult of domesticity | Represents an emerging social class distinction of upper and middle class women whose husbands worked and made enough money so that they did not have to work. if anything happened to their husbands [death, job loss, desertion] they had no skills and had to fend for themselves. In politics and economics, women’s power was severely reduced due to their dependence upon their husband’s to provide everything. |
| Communist Manifesto | Publication written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that challenged the capitalist system and how it suppressed the working class. Theory is based upon history and class warfare between the “haves” and the “have nots” Called for class warfare where the proletariat [working class] would overthrow the capitalists. Once in control, the proletariat would collectively benefit from their own labor and create a better and more egalitarian [equal] society. |
| Enclosure Acts | As the demands for factories and increased production of food and consumer goods took root, England allowed private investors to buy the rights to property that could be used for factories, homes for workers, dedicated farms, or pasture land. Any of which, the property owners could use to make a profit. Called the Enclosure Acts because people who bought land protected their boundaries with fences. People who had lived on the land before it was bought were kicked off. This is what led to the large workforce that allowed the industrial revolution to quickly expand in cities. |
| Internal Combustion Engine | First developed in Germany, this self contained power source [similar to steam engines] uses gasoline to drive pistons that turn camshafts which transfer the energy to make a vehicle move forward. This invention created a small enough power source that has many uses. The engine creates a tremendous amount of horsepower for its size. Because of this it is able to move heavy loads and attain speeds that revolutionized transportation and made automobiles, boats, and planes possible. |
| laissez faire | Part of an economic theory by Adam Smith. Concept based upon minimal government interference and allows entrepreneurs to have the ability to take risks and create new and better ideas. In practice Smith believes that if entrepreneurs are left to their own drive and passion, they will bring competition to the marketplace. This competition creates less expensive and/or cheaper products which give the customers a greater choice and simultaneously make businesses more efficient and profitable. |
| realpolitik | Politics or diplomacy based upon use of or threat of power versus moral or ethical relationships. Stressed by Machiavelli in “The Prince” and used by Bismarck of Prussia, Stalin of the Soviet Union, and Mao Zedong of China to coerce the people to follow the will of their government policies by emphasizing nationalism as a reason to obey |
| suffrage | The right to vote in a society The right to vote and have a voice in a society in a key foundation of a democratic system. Through voting not only can be elect individuals to offices but they also help to shape laws and define the social contract of that society. |
| Thomas Malthus | Priest who developed an economic theory on population growth. Believed that population growth impedes peoples ability to improve their lives. Poor stay poor because they have too many children. This keeps wages low due to more workers than jobs. [see David Ricardo] “The superior power of population is repressed, and the actual population kept equal to the means of subsistence, by misery and vice.” |
| James Watt | Inventor of the modern piston style steam engine. Originally done to help pump water out of Britain’s coal mines, other people soon found many uses for the piston that was used to power textile machines, trains, and ships. Using innovations to change the force and motion, Watt converted up/ down motion to a series of gears and belts that allowed the turning motion to be converted to energy that made machines do things |
| Menlo Park Lab | Think tank of Thomas Edison that encouraged both invention and innovation of ideas to help humanity. Workers at the lab were required to come up with one new idea a week. It could be an improvement on something already done or a new idea. This resulted in almost 10,000 patents from lightbulbs, movie projectors, cameras, and phonographs. All based on improving consumer goods using electricity. |
| Richard Wilkinson | Historian who proposed theory that there is a direct relationship between growing population and the rise of industrialization. Theory based upon the chain of events that began when England ran out of wood and had to find a new source of energy [coal]. As the need for coal rose, new methods of extraction and innovative uses of machinery applied in other areas lead to the automation of the workplace as machines replaced human labor. Increased demand of finished goods led to inventions having faster production capacities. |
| water frame | One of the early factory automation methods for machines that used water pressure to make the machines work. Invented by Richard Arkwright. Revolutionized factory work as machines could work faster and produce more than human counterparts. Helped to reduce the labor and production costs per item and made consumer goods cheaper. |
| family wage | As factories developed, a need arose to have supervisors over large groups of workers. These supervisors were paid more so their spouses did not have to work to help family survive. |
| 19th Amendment | amendment to the US Constitution prohibited any US citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of gender. Although women had the vote, no group dynamic developed that changed the political arena until the advent of television [50s and 60s] where a new social dynamic was added to the campaigning of a candidate. |
| Chartist Movement | Working class political movement that emerged in Britain in the 1830s and 40s. Never developed into a major political party because its ideas and reforms were used by more established parties. Eventually ALL goals became foundational principles of democratic systems around the world. The goals of the Chartists were to press for political and economic reforms. 1. Universal suffrage for men over 21. 2. Secret ballot to avoid “pressure” voting 3. The right for any citizen to be able to run for public office 4. Legislators should be paid so being a lawmaker was their primary job 5. Voting districts established that had equal representation 6. Regular elections |
| Otto Von Bismarck | Prime minister of Prussia and served under Kaiser Wilhelm I. His motto was “Blood and Iron” Was mainly responsible for the unification of the Germanic States and establishing the modern country of Germany. Used a policy of realpolitick, extreme loyalty to the state versus individual rights. Built German nationalism by orchestrating a series of wars where German armies crushed opponents and took land from surrounding countries. |
| Peterloo Massacre | Suffering from high unemployment, famine, and a lack of political voice in government, the poorer classes of Britain started to demand their government do more to help them. Rather than help, parliament cracked down on the protesters leading to government directed murder. While many groups including employers, journalists, and the general public were appalled by the carnage, little changed and the people who ordered the attack were acquitted of any wrongdoing. In the Reform Act of 1832, Britain changed its laws concerning representation based upon where people lived. |
| proletariat | Name given to the working class by Marx’s Communist Manifesto. This class of people’s value is for the work output they can produce. Capitalists benefit from worker’s labor because they pay the workers a small wage but the worker can produce a lot more. That difference is kept by the capitalist and contributes to their profit. |
| Seneca Falls 1848 | The first women’s rights convention in American history. Speakers at the convention called for greater equality, better treatment, and the right to vote Set the foundation for the Suffrage movement in the USA that culminated in the 19th amendment ratified in 1920. Note: the movement was put on hold by the women involved to support the abolition of slavery |
| zollverein | Coalition of Germanic states that joined together for economic benefits of trade. Was orchestrated by Prussia First time in history when independent states joined together to form a trade pact [limiting taxes between trade partners] without creating a political federation at the same time. |
