| A | B |
|---|
| Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) | Renaissance political philosopher who wrote The Prince |
| Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) | Believed that people are ungrateful and untrustworthy |
| Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) | Urged rulers to study war, avoid unnecessary kindness, and always base policy upon the principle that the end justifies the means |
| Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) | Northern humanist who wrote In Praise of Folly |
| Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) | Wrote in Latin while most humanists wrote in the vernacular |
| Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) | Wanted to reform the Catholic Church, not destroy it. |
| Martin Luther (1483-1546 | Protestant reformer whose criticism of indulgences helped spark the Reformation |
| Martin Luther (1483-1546) | Advocated salvation by faith, the authority of the Bible, and a priesthood of all believers |
| Martin Luther (1483-1546) | Believed the Christian women should strive to become models of wifely obedience and Christian charity. |
| John Calvin (1509-1564) | Protestant reformer who wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion |
| John Calvin (1509-1564) | Believed in the absolute omnipotence of God, the weakness of humanity, and the doctrine of predestination |
| John Calvin (1509-1564) | Established Geneva as a model Christian community |
| John Calvin (1509-1564) | Influenced followers who were known as Huguenots in France, Presbyterians in Scotland, and Puritans in England and the New England colonies |
| John Calvin (1509-1564) | Advocated that each local congregation have a ruling body composed of both ministers and laymen who carefully supervised the moral conduct of the faithful |
| Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) | French Renaissance writer who developed the essay as a literary genre. |
| Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) | Known for his skeptical attitude and willingness to look at all sides of an issue |
| Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) | Polish clergyman and astronomer who wrote On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres |
| Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) | Helped launch the Scientific Revolution by challenging the widespread belief in the geocentric theory that the earth is the center of the universe |
| Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) | Offered a new heliocentric universe in which the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun. |
| Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) | Began his career as an assistant to the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe |
| Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) | Formulated three laws of planetary motion |
| Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) | proved that planetary orbits are elliptical rather than circular |
| Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) | Italian scientist who contributed to the scientific method by conducting controlled experiments |
| Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) | Major accomplishments included using the telescope for astronomical observation, formulating laws of motion, and popularizing the new scientific ideas |
| Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) | Condemned by the Inquisition for publicly advocating Copernicus's heliocentric theory |
| Issac Newton (1642-1727) | English scientist and mathematician who wrote the Principia |
| Issac Newton (1642-1727) | Viewed the universe as a vast machine governed by the universal laws of gravity and inertia |
| Issac Newton (1642-1727) | Mechanistic view of the universe strongly influenced deism |
| Francis Bacon (1561-1626) | English politician and writer |
| Francis Bacon (1561-1626) | Formalized the empirical method into a general theory of inductive reasoning known as empiricism |
| Rene Descartes (1596-1650) | French philosopher and mathematician |
| Rene Descartes (1596-1650) | Used deductive reasoning from self evident principles to reach scientific laws |
| Bacon's inductive reasoning | based on observation |
| Descartes's deductive reasoning | based on systematic doubt and the use of math to express scientific laws |
