| A | B |
|---|
| retrieval | Information that is in storage in a form that can be used |
| information processing model | A memory model that assumes the processing of memory is like the way a computer processes memory- in a series of 3 stages |
| parallel-distributed processing | A memory model in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections |
| levels-of-processing model | a memory model that assumes that information this is more deeply processed according to its meaning will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time |
| iconic memory | A visual memory system, lasting only for a fraction of a second |
| eidetic memory | The ability to access a memory for 30 seconds or more |
| short-term memory | The memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used |
| selective attention | The ability to focus on one stimulus from among all sensory input |
| echoic memory | The brief memory of something a person has just heard |
| working memory | An active system that processes the information in short-term memory |
| chunking | The process of reordering or reorganizing information into meaningful units to fool Short Term Memory into holding more information |
| maintenance rehearsal | The practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short term memory |
| long term memory | The system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept permanently |
| elaborative rehearsal | A method of transferring information from STM to LTM by making that information meaningful in some way |
| procedural memory | Types of LTM including memory for skills, habits, procedures, & conditioned responses. These memories are not conscious. |
| anterograde amnesia | loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories |
| implicit memory | Memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness, such as procedural memory |
| declarative memory | A type of LTM containing information that is conscious or known |
| semantic memory | A type of declarative memory containing general knowledge such as the knowledge of language and information learned in formal education |
| episodic memory | A type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities & events |
| semantic memory model | A model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not related |
| retrieval cue | A stimulus for remembering |
| encoding specificity | The tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or physiological state) that is available when the memory is first formed is also available when being retrieved. ) |
| recall | The type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be pulled from memoroy with very few external cues |
| recognition | The ability to match a piece of information ora stimulus to a stored image or fact |
| serial position effect | The tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information |
| primacy effect | The tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows. |
| recency effect | The tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than information at the beginning of it. |
| constructive processing | Referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information |
| hindsight bias | The tendency to falsely believe , through revision of older memories to include newer memories, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of the event |
| misinformation effect | The tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself |
| curve of forgetting | a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually |
| distributed practice | spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods |
| encoding failure | The failure to process information into memory |
| memory trace | The physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed |
| decay | The loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used |
| proactive interference | Memory problems that occur when older information prevents or interferes with the learning of newer information |
| retroactive interference | Memory problems that occur when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information |
| consolidation | The changes that take place in the structure & functioning of neurons when a memory is formed |
| autobiographical memory | The memory for events & facts related to one's personal life story |
