| A | B |
|---|
| wheat and barley | two main crops of Egyptians |
| Upper Egypt | in south - the Nile Valley |
| Lower Egypt | in north - the Nile Delta |
| King Narmer (Menes) | unified Upper and Lower Egypt with one capital at Memphis; started the first dynasty |
| Old Kingdom | Age of the Pyramids - lasted from 2700 to 2200 BCE; fell due to nobles fighting for control which caused upheaval and violence |
| pharaoh | political and religious leader of Egypt; was considered both a king and a god |
| theocracy | a government that is both politcal and religious |
| bureaucracy | a group of government officials headed by an administrator |
| vizier | the prime minister for an Egyptian king |
| embalming | preservation of a dead body by removing all moisture and internal organs |
| Step Pyramid of Djoser | first actual pyramid built; made up of a series of mastabas |
| Pyramids at Giza | Built for Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure; served as tombs for the pharaohs |
| mummification | process in which a dead body is embalmed then carefully wrapped in linen in order to preserve |
| sarcophagus | coffin in which the pharaohs of Egypt were buried |
| Imhotep | vizier of Djoser he is believed to be the builder of Djoser's pyramid and the father of medicine |
| 1st Intermediate Period | time period between the Old and Middle Kingdoms |
| 2nd Intermediate Period | time period between the Middle and New Kingdoms |
| Middle Kingdom | Period of Reunification - lasted from 2050 to about 1700 BCE; period of Egyptian history marked by expansion to new lands and achievements in architecture, art, and literature; fell due to Hyksos conquering the Nile Delta region |
| reunification | when something comes back together, reunites |
| Thebes | capital city of the Middle and New Kingdoms |
| Memphis | capital city of the Old Kingdom |
| Nubia | area conquered by the Egyptians during the Middle Kingdom; located to the south of Egypt in present day Sudan; known for its gold mines |
| Senusret I | pharaoh during the Middle Kingdom |
| Hyksos | people from western Asia who had superior weapons to the Egyptians and conquered the Nile Delta in Egypt to end the Middle Kingdom (110 years) |
| Sinai Peninsula | area of land that connects Egypt with Israel and Palestine |
| New Kingdom | Golden Age - lasted from about 1600 to 1000 BCE; period of time noted for the great wealth of Egypt |
| Ahmose | pharaoh who defeated the Hyksos to begin the New Kingdom and return it to its glory |
| Hatshepsut | ruled around 1480 BCE; ruled on behalf of her stepson then named herself pharaoh; had an extensive building program and an economic-based rule |
| Thutmose III | reclaimed thrown upon death of Hatshepsut; conquered many territories (empire) - a warrior pharaoh |
| empire | many territories under one ruler |
| cultural diffusion | the exchange of goods, ideas, and customs amongst different cultures |
| Akhenaton | originally Amenhotep IV, changed name to mean the "spirit of Aton"; pharaoh who made Egypt monotheistic and moved the capital to el Amarna; ruled with wife Nefretiti |
| Aton | sun disk god worshiped by Akhenaton |
| Rosetta Stone | stone slab which has Greek, demonic and hieroglyphics on it; the discovery of this stone made it possible to decipher hieroglyphics |
| hieroglyphics | early writing system using picture symbols |
| Amon-Ra | chief god worshiped by ancient Egyptians |
| polytheistic | belief in more than one god |
| monotheistic | belief in one god |
| Nefretiti | wife of Akhenaton, ruled closely with her husband; considered very beautiful |
| King Tut | son of Akhenaton; often called "the boy king", ruled from the age of 9 to 19 when possibly murdered; changed name from Tutankaten to Tutankhamun |
| zealot | a religious fanatic - Akhenaton eventually became one |
| el Amarna | capital city created by Akhenaton to honor Aton and break away from the traditional religion at Thebes, eventually abandoned after his death |
| Ramses II (Ramses the Great) | ruled for 67 years; worked to restore Egypt's glory; major building projects took place; formed a peace treaty with the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh |
| Hittites | military power from Anatolia (Turkey) which fought with the Egyptians for control of Syria |
| treaty | a pledge of peace with each other and an agreement to fight together as allies against a common foe |
