| A | B |
|---|
| Puddling | impurities in crude iron are burned away to produce an iron of high quality. |
| Congress of Vienna | The great powers of Europe met here after the defeat of Napoleon to restore the old order and ensure a balance of power |
| Conservatism | Conservatives hated revolutions and were unwilling to accept demands from people who wanted either individual rights or representative governments. |
| Nationalism | This was a threat to the existing political order, so Conservatives feared such change and tried hard to repress it. |
| Crimean War | When Austria refused to support Russia in this Russia withdrew from European affairs for the next 20 years |
| Otto von Bismarck | He was a practitioner of politics based on practical matters rather than on theory or ethics. |
| Napoleon III | He carried out a vast rebuilding of the city of Paris, distracting the French from their loss of rights. |
| Compromise of 1867 | Austria’s defeat at the hands of the Prussians in 1866 forced the Austrians to make concessions to the fiercely nationalistic Hungarians. |
| Federalists | In the early 19th century U.S., this group favored a strong central government. |
| Republicans | In the early 19th century U.S., this group feared central power and wanted the federal government to be subordinate to the state governments. |
| Romantics | emphasized feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing rather than reason. |
| Realists | They wanted to write about ordinary characters from actual life rather than romantic heroes in exotic settings. |
| Karl Marx | blamed the system of industrial capitalism for the horrible conditions in factories. |
| Urban Growth | Lack of jobs and lack of land drove people from the countryside to the city. |
| Public Education | The chief motive for this was political to create better-educated voters and instilled patriotism. |
| Triple Alliance | Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in a defensive alliance against France. |
| Triple Entente | Russia, France and Great Britain |
| Serbia | If trouble arose between this country and Austria-Hungary, their alliances would drag the others into the conflict. |
| Marie Curie | discovered radiation, the energy given off by the element called radium and that it came from within an atom. |
| Social Darwinism | Extreme nationalists often insisted that nations, too, were engaged in a “struggle for existence” in which only the fittest (the strongest) survived. |
| Imperialism | The extension of a nation’s power over other lands |
| Indirect Rule | Local rulers were allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status in a new colonial setting |
| Westernization | intellectuals in the cities would lead resistance movements against the Western powers, wanting the same rights for their people that they learned about from their Western-style schools. |
| Sepoy Mutiny | Its immediate cause was the spread of a rumor that the British were issuing their Indian troops new bullets that were greased with cow and pig fat. |
| INC | Religious differences between the Hindus and the Muslims caused problems for this organization. |
