| A | B |
|---|
| Holy Roman Emperor | title given to Charlemagne by the Pope which made him the protector of Christianity |
| Charlemagne | King of the franks who expanded France into a large kingdom and later became Holy Roman Emperor |
| Vikings | migratory group from Scandinavia who would eventually settle Russia |
| Magyars | migratory group from Asia that settled in Hungary |
| Angles and Saxons | migratory group from continental Europe that settled the British Isles |
| Monastaries | established by the Catholic church they spread christianity the latin alphabet and built schools and hospitals for people in Europe |
| Fiefs | land grants given out by Kings or Nobles in the Feudal system in exchange for military support or labor |
| serfs | lowest class of people in the Feudal system who worked Nobles' land in exchange for protection |
| William the Conquerer | man who conquered England and united expanded it into a large kingdom |
| Henry II | king responsible for creating the jury system and common law in England |
| John I | English King who signed the Magna Carta |
| Hugh Capet | French king who expanded his kingdom out of Paris and saw his dynasty expand over all of France |
| Joan of Arc | French patriot who led France to victories in the 100 years war and insired a sense of French nationalism |
| the 100 years war | series of conflicts between England and France that helped define those countries as Nations |
| Kiev | the original city Russia was centered around. It was destroyed by the Mongols |
| The Mongols | Asian group that conquered China, India, Russia, and Arab Lands. Built largest empire Ever. |
| Genghis Khan | famous Mongol Leader |
| Moscow | city that Russia was centered around after Kiev was destroyed by the Mongols |
| Ivan III | Russian leader who defeated the Mongols and took the title of Tsar |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | Spanish King and Queen whose marriage united Spain. They defeated the Moors and started the Spanish Inquisition. |
| Spanish Inquisition | attempt by the Spanish to make people become Catholic by force |
| The Black Death | terrible disease that cost Europe 1/3 of its population |
| Crusades | series of military expeditions led by Christians in Europe to reconquer the "holy lands" in Jerusalem from the Muslims |
| Pope Urban II | Man whose famous speech helped spark the Crusades |
| Saladin | Turkish leader who reopened Jerusalem to Christians after the 3rd crusade |
| Crusader States | Trade centers established by the crusaders in Syria and Palestine |
| Feudal System | Rigid class structure form of government where lords grant land to lesser nobles in exchange for loyalty and military service |
| Vassals | someone who owes loyalty in exhange for a land grant |
| serfs | poor peasants of the feudal system, they worked the land in exchange for protection from invaders |
| secular | separate from the church, there was very little secular society during the middle ages |
| Pope | highest ranking Catholic leader |
| Parish Priests | led one church, served social and religious needs of peopl |
| tithe | 10% tax owed to the Church |
| Manors | large self sufficient estates with an easy to defend castle |
| common law | legal sytem based on judicial precedent and customs, applied to all of the kingdoms |
| Parliament | initiallya an advisory board, it later grew to represent the English people |
| The Reconquest | attemt by Spanish to expel the Jews and Muslims from Spain |
| Charles V | Spanish King who saw Spain expand its territory in the Western Hemisphere (the Americas) |
| Tsar | title for the Russian Kings |
| Sack of Constantinople | attack by the Western Crusaders on a Christian City during the 4th crusade |
