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| Etiology of Mental Illness | Factors include complex issues, social factors, psychological factors, chemical factors |
| Psychiatry | A specialty of clinical medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness |
| Psychiatrist | One who specializes in the treatment of the mind; requires four years of medical school; received an M.D. degree |
| Psychologist | Nonmedical person who is trained in methods of psychotherapy--has completed a masters or doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.); cannot use electroconvulsive therapy or prescribe drugs |
| Psychology Specialists | Clinical psychology, experimental psychology, social psychology, forensic psychology, developmental psychology, child psychology |
| Social Psychology | Focuses on social interaction and the ways the actions of others influence the behavior of the individual |
| Affect | External emotion or emotional response |
| Agoraphobia | Fear of being alone in open or public places |
| Acrophobia | Fear of heights |
| Zoophobia | Fear of animals |
| Amnesia | Loss of memory |
| Amphetamines | Central nervous system stimulants that may be used to treat depression |
| Anorexia nervosa | An eating disorder of excessive dieting and refusal to maintain a normal body weight |
| Antisocial personality | No loyalty or concern for others, and without moral standards; acts only in response to desires and impulses; can't tolerate frustration and blames others when at fault |
| Anxiety | Varying degrees of uneasiness, apprehension, or dread often accompanied by palpitations, tightness in the chest, breathlessness, and choking sensations |
| Anxiety disorders | Characterized by unpleasant tension, distress, and avoidance behavior; examples are phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder |
| Anxiolytic | A drug that is used for relief of anxiety; a mild tranquilizer |
| Apathy | Lack of feeling; indifference, without emotion; lack of interest or emotional involvement |
| Autism | Preoccupation with inner thoughts, daydreams, fantasies, delusions; self-preoccupation; severe lack of responsiveness to others; withdrawal and retarded language development; inability to interact |
| Behavior therapy | Conditioning (changing behavior patterns by training and repetition) is used to relieve anxiety and improve symptoms of illness |
| Bipolar disorder | Intermixed periods of mania and depression |
| Bulimia nervosa | An eating disorder of binge eating followed by vomiting and depression, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas, fasting, or excessive exercise |
| Cannabis | Marijuana |
| Catatonic stupor | A state of diminished responsiveness to stimuli associated with schizophrenia |
| Claustrophobia | Fear of closed-in places |
| Compulsion | Uncontrollable urge to perform an act repeatedly |
| Conversion | Anxiety becomes a bodily symptom such as blindness, deafness, or paralysis, none of which have an organic basis |
| Conversion disorder | A physical symptom, with no organic basis, that appears as a result of anxiety and conflict |
| Cyclothymia | Mania alternating with depression; mild form of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder |
| Defense mechanism | Unconscious technique a person uses to resolve or conceal conflicts and anxiety |
| Delirium | Confusion in thinking; faulty perceptions and irrational behavior; characterized by rambling, irrelevant or incoherent speech, sensory misperceptions, and disorientation to time, place, or person with memory impairment; caused by drugs, seizures, or head trauma |
| Delirium tremens | Confusion in thinking, fulty perceptions, or irrational behavior associated with alcohol |
| Delusion | A fixed, false belief that cannot be changed by logical reasoning or evidence |
| Dementia | Loss of intellectual abilities with impairment of memory, judgment, and reasoning as well as changes in personality; most common cause is Alzheimer disease |
| Depression | Major mood disorder with chronic sadness, loss of energy, hopelessness, worry, and discouragement |
| Dissociation | Uncomfortable feelings are separated from their real object; in order to avoid mental distress, the feelings are redirected toward a second object or behavior pattern |
| Dissociative disorder | Chronic or sudden disturbance of memory, identity, or consciousness |
| Dissociative identity disorder | Disturbance of identity-- with two personalities (like Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde) |
| Dissociative amnesia | Chronic or sudden disturbance of memory wherein the person is unable to remember important personal information |
| Dissociative fugue | Sudden disburbance of memory, identity, or consciousness wherein the person unexpectedly travels away from home or work |
| Dysphoria | Depressed mood; sadness or hopelessness; worry or discouragement |
| Dysthymia | Depressed mood that is not as severe as major depression |
| Electroconvulsive therapy | Electric current is used to produce convulsions in the treatment of depression |
| Euphoria | Exaggerated feeling of well-being; high |
| Exhibitionism | Compulsive need to expose one's body, particularly the genitals, to an unsuspecting stranger |
| Family therapy | Treatment of an entire family to resolve and understand conflicts |
| Fetishism | The use of nonliving objects as substitutes for a human sexual love |
| Free association | A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient verbalizes, without censorship, the passing contents of his or her mind |
| Fugue | Amnesia with flight from customary surroundings |
| Gender-identity disorder | Strong and persistent cross-gender identification with the opposite sex |
| Group therapy | A group of patients with similar problems gain insight into their personality through discussion and interaction together |
| Hallucination | False or unreal sensory perception as, for example, hearing voices when none is present |
| Illusion | A false perception of an actual sensory stimulus |
| Histrionic personality disorder | Emotional, attention-seeking, immature, and dependent; irrational outbursts and tantrums; flamboyant and theatrical; having general dissatisfaction with one's self and angry feelings about the world |
| Hypnosis | Condition or state of altered consciousness in which there is increased responsiveness to commands and suggestions |
| Hypochondriasis | Condition marked by exaggerated concern for one's physical health and exaggeration of minor complaints and normal sensations |
| Hypomania | A mood disorder that resembles mania, but is of lesser intensity |
| Freud's personality parts | Id, ego, and superego |
| Id | The major unconscious part of the personality; energy from instinctual drives and desires |
| Ego | The central coordinating branch of the personality that assesses and evaluates |
| Superego | Internalized conscience and moral part of the personality |
| Kleptomania | Madness or compulsion to steal |
| Labile | Unstable; undergoing rapid emotional change |
| Lithium | Substance used to treat the manic stage of manic-depressive illness |
| Mania | State of excessive excitability; hyperactivity and agitation; inflated self-esteem |
| Mental | Pertaining to the mind |
| Mood disorders | Prolonged emotion dominates a person's life; examples are bipolar and depressive disorders |
| Mutism | Nonreactive state; stupor |
| Narcissistic personality | Grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness and preoccupation with fantasies of success and power; narcissism is a pervasive interest in one's self with a lack of empathy for others |
| Neuroleptic drug | Any drug that favorably modifies psychotic behavior and symptoms (example--phenothiazine) |
| Neurosis | A term formally used to describe mental disorders in which symptoms are distressing but reality testing is intact |
| Obsession | An involuntary, persistent idea, emotion, or urge |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | An anxiety disorder in which recurrent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive acts (compulsions) dominate behavior |
| Opioid | Heroine, morphine, codeine, and methadone |
| Paranoia | Delusions of persecution or grandeur or combinations of the two |
| Paranoid personality | Continually suspicious and mistrustful of other people; jealous and overly concerned with hidden motives of others; quick to take offense |
| Paraphilia | A psychosexual disorder in which sexual arousal is dependent on bizarre fantasies or acts involving use of a non-human object or suffering and humiliation of a human |
| Pedophilia | Sexual urges and fantasies involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child (13 and younger) |
| Personality traits | Established patterns of thinking and ways of relating to and perceiving the environment and one's self |
| Personality disorders | Lifelong personality patterns marked by inflexibility and impairment of social functioning |
| Phenothiazines | Tranquilizers used to treat psychoses |
| Phobia | Irrational or disabiling dread of an object or situation |
| Play therapy | Treatement in which a child, through use of toys and playroom setting, expresses conflicts and feelings unable to be communicated by direct manner |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | Anxiety-related symptoms appear following exposure to personal experience of a traumatic event (such as intense fear, helplessness, insomnia, nightmares, and diminished responsiveness to the external world) |
| Psychoanalysis | A treatment that allows the patient to explore inner emotions and conflicts to understand and change current behavior |
| Psychodrama | Group therapy in which a patient expresses feeling by acting out roles with other patients |
| Psychogenic | Pertaining to produced by the mind |
| Psychosis | Significant impairment of reality testing with symptoms such as delusion, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior; impairment of mental capacity to recognize reality, communicate, and relate to others |
| Psychosomatic | Pertaining to the effect of the mind on the body in causing illness |
| Psychotherapy | Treatment of mental disorders |
| Pyromania | Madness for setting fires or seeing them |
| Reality testing | Ability to perceive fact from fantasy; severely impaired in psychoses |
| Repression | Defense mechanism by which unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and impulses are pushed into the unconscious |
| Schizoid personality | Emotionally cold and aloof; indifferent to praise or criticism or to the feelings of others; few friendships and rarely appears to experience strong emotions, such as anger or joy; traits of shyness, social withdrawal, and introversion |
| Schizophrenia | A psychosis involving withdrawal from the external world with a disturbed sense of self; includes delusions, hallucinations, and inappropriate affect; withdrawal from reality into an inner world of disorganized thinking and conflict; literally means "split mind" |
| Seasonal affective disorder | A regular appearsnce of depression beginning in October/November; a change from depression to mania may occur from mid-February to mid-April |
| Sedatives | Drugs that lessen anxiety |
| Sexual disorders | Disorders of paraphilias and sexual dysfunctions |
| Sexual masochism | Sexual gratification is gained by being humiliated, beaten, bound, or others made to suffer by another person |
| Sexual sadism | Sexual gratification is gained by inflicting physical or psychological pain or humiliation on others |
| Social phobia | Fear of situations in which the individual is open to public scrutiny with possible embarrassment and humiliation (fear of speaking in public, using public restrooms, or eating in public) |
| Somatoform disorders | Mental disorders that are characterized by symptoms that suggest a physical disorder but can't be explained by an actual physical disorder |
| Tolerance | A significant feature of dependence |
| Substance-related disorders | Regular use of phychoactive substances (alcohol, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, opioids and sedatives) that affect the central nervous system |
| Transference | Psychoanalytic process in which the patient relates to the therapist as he or she had to prominent childhood figure |
| Transvestic fetishism | Cross-dressing; wearing clothing of the opposite sex |
| Tricyclic antidepressants | Drugs used to treat severe depression; three-ringed fused structure |
| Voyeurism | Sexual excitement is achieved by observing unsuspecting people who are naked, undressing, or engaging in sexual activity |
| Xenophobia | Fear of strangers |
