| A | B |
|---|
| Enlightenment | 18th century intellectual movement that challenged and permeated all aspects of society |
| Montesquieu | Separation of powers |
| Voltaire | Enlightened despotism |
| Rousseau | Republicanism (through revolution if necessary) |
| Laissez faire | "hands off" economic theory |
| Deism | Religion of the philosophes |
| Physiocrats | Enlightenment economists |
| Continental System | Napoleon's attempt to create a continental blockade to strangle England economically |
| Congress of Vienna | Attempted to establish a Balance of Power |
| Concert of Europe | Aimed to suppress revolutions, to quell nationalism and liberalism, and to return to a pre-1789 world |
| Liberalism | Belief in natural goodness of man and a need for parliamentary democracy |
| Conservativism | Fundamental distrust of human nature, restoration of the Old Order and a need for strong government |
| Republicanism | Extreme form of liberalism where monarchy is ended and universal manhood suffrage is established |
| Socialism | Extreme form of republicanism arguing for economic equality |
| Humanitarianism | Subtle reform movement that permeated all political and class structures based on ideals of Christianity and the concept that all people have rights |
| Romanticism | Generally conservative movement that relied on emotions and steered away from the pure reason of the Enlightenment |
| Louis Philippe | Liberal, bourgeois monarch imposed by the revolutions of 1830 |
| Reform Bill of 1832 | Shifted control of House of Commons to commercial and industrial middle class by enfranchising the middle class and reapportioning Commons |
| Revolutions of 1848 | Sweeping impact of ideas of liberalism and nationalism |
| Cavour | Liberal politician who used war and diplomacy to forge Italy |
| Napoleon III | Manipulated the masses and showed an interest in socialism |
| Bismarck | Tough-minded conservative creator of the German Empire |
| Marx | Attacked the social exploitation created by the industrial revolution and proposed that a new order could be achieved through revolution |
| Alexander II | Freed the serfs and continued policies of Russification |
| Franz Joseph | Created Dual Monarchy |
| Smith | Wealth of Nations; idea of laissez faire |
| Ricardo | Iron Law of Wages |
| Malthus | "Essay on Population" |
| Anti-Corn Law League | English liberals intent on eliminating the tariff on grain and instituting free trade |
| Factory Act of 1833 | Limited workday for children under 18 and mandated education for children under 9 |
| Chartism | English city workers strived for universal manhood suffrage, secret ballot, annual elections, pay for members of Parliament, and removal of property qualifications for Parliamentarians |
| Glorious Revolution | Whigs and Tories combined to oppose the king |
| French Revolution | Aristocrats versus king in first stage followed by middle class versus aristocracy followed by the rise of radicals and the mob |
| Russian Revolution | Middle class intellectuals who were overthrown by Bolsheviks |
