| A | B |
|---|
| Mercantilism | economic policy to create a positive balance of trade and increase a nation's gold supply |
| Joint stock companies | corporations that allow investors to establish colonies for a profit |
| Jamestown, Virginia | the first permanent English settlement in the New World |
| headright system | the granting of land in return for sponsoring new settlers to the Virginia colony |
| House of Burgesses | the first elected legislative body in the New World |
| Plymouth | the colony established by the Piligrims in 1620 |
| Mayflower Compact | document that established self government based on majority rule |
| Puritans | established Massachusetts to be a "city upon a hill" that would be a utopian Bible community |
| Rhode Island | this colony is identified with religious freedom and separation of church and state |
| Middle passage | the trade route to bring slaves from Africa to America |
| Social Contract | theory that citizens form governments to protect their natural born rights |
| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | first written constitution in the English colonies |
| Pennsylvania | established to be a refuge for the Quakers |
| Maryland | established as a haven for Catholics |
| Georgia | colony established as a haven for debtors |
| Southern colonies | this region's economy was based on staple crops and slave labor |
| Northern colonies | this regions economy was based on commerce, trade, shipbuilding |
| Middle colonies | New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania |
| Navigation Acts | laws to regulate colonial trade |
| salutary neglect | English policy of allowing the colonies to govern their own affairs |
| Enlightenment | European philosophical movement that stressed the use of reason to understand nature |
| John Locke | philosopher who said that citizens create a social contract to create governments that will protect their natural born rights to life, liberty, and property |
| Bacon's Rebellion | 1676 rebellion against the governor of Virginia |
| Pilgrims | religious separatists who sought religious freedom |
| Christopher Columbus | "discovered" America and claimed colonies for Spain |
| Columbian Exchange | the transfer of plants, animals, people, and resources between Europe, the Americas, and Africa |
| colonization | to acquire foreign lands and establish new communities there |
| indentured servant | laborers who were brought to America in exchange for their commitment to work for a specific period of time |
| John Winthrop | Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay colony |
| Roger Williams | religious dissenter who left Massachusetts to establish Providence (RI) colony in 1637 |
| Anne Hutchinson | religious dissenter who was banished from Massachusetts for her disagreements with the Puritan church |
| William Penn | established the colony of Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers who sought freedom of religion |
| Parliament | the legislative branch of the English government |
| salutary neglect | the English government's policy of ignoring its colonies as long as they served to build England's strength and power |
| Glorious Revolution | William and Mary peacefully take the English throne in 1688 while agreeing to the English Bill of Rights |
| Triangular trade | trade to bring natural resources from the colonies to Europe, manufactured goods to Africa and the colonies, and slaves from Africa to the colonies |
| Great Awakening | a time of American religious revival in the 1700s |
| Charles Montesquieu | believed that government powers should be limited by having separation of powers into legislative and executive branches |
| French and Indian War | a struggle for control of eastern North America between the French and the English; French lose their North American lands |
| Albany Plan of Union | proposal to unite the colonies in British North America for the purpose of self-defense; first attempt at colonial unity in American history |
