| A | B |
|---|
| alkane | Contains only hydrogen and carbon in a chain containing only single bonds |
| alkene | Hydrocarbon containing double bonds |
| alkyne | Hydrocarbon containing triple bonds |
| organic compound | covalently bonded carbon compounds with the exception of carbonates, carbon oxides, and carbides |
| aliphatic compound | nonaromatic hydrocarbon compounds - may be straight chained or cyclic |
| aromatic compound | cyclic compound with delocalized electrons, like benzene |
| hydrocarbon | an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen |
| saturated | containing the maximum number of hydrogens - all single bonds |
| unsaturated | containing less than the maximum number of hydrogens due to double or triple bonds |
| alkyl group | an alkane with one hydrogen missing |
| cyclic aliphatic compound | an organic compound whose carbon chains are bonded in ring shapes without delocalized electrons |
| functional group | an atom or group of atoms that can be substituted for hydrogen in a hydrocarbon |
| alkyl halide | an organic compound containing an alkane with a halogen as a functional group |
| aryl group | an aromatic compound with one hydrogen missing |
| aryl halide | an organic compound that consists of a halogen bonded to an aromatic ring |
| alcohol | an organic compound with an -OH group attached to a nonaromatic group |
| polyhydroxy alcohol | an alcohol with more than one -OH group |
| ether | an organic compound in which an oxygen links two alkyl groups |
| carbonyl group | a carbon atom with a doubly bonded oxygen atom attached to it (C=O) |
| aldehyde | an organic compound with C=O as the end functional group |
| ketone | forms when a =O is attached to a carbon not at the end of a chain |
| carboxylic acid | an organic compound of the form RCOOH |
| carboxyl group | a carbon atom with a doubly bonded oxygen and a hydroxide group attached to it (COOH) |
| fatty acid | a carboxylic acid with a long alphatic chain |
| ester | an organic compound of the general form R(COO)R' |
| amine | a family of organic compounds with ammonia as their parent |
| amide | compounds that result when NH2 replaces OH in a carboxylic acid |
| substitution reaction | a reaction in which one atom or group replaces another atom or group |
| addition reaction | a reaction in which one reactant joins another at the site of a double or triple bond |
| condensation reaction | a reaction in which two compounds combine with each other and give off water |
| esterification | the formation of an ester through the condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol |
| poylmer | a long organic chain with repeating subunits |
| carbohydrate | polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones |
| monosaccharide | simple sugar |
| disaccharide | a pair of simple sugars bonded together |
| polysaccharide | a chain of three or more covalently bonded simple sugars |
| starch | a mixture of straight and branched polymers of glucose |
| lipid | biological compounds with a large number of C-H bonds that are insoluble in water |
| glycerol | a three carbon molecule with 3 hydroxyl groups (propan 1,2,3-triol) |
| fat | a triglyceride containing saturated fatty acids |
| oil | a triglyceride containing unsaturated fatty acids |
| steroid | a lipid that contains a set of three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring |
| amino acid | a carboxylic acid containing an amino group - the building blocks of proteins |
| essential amino acid | one that cannot be produced by the body and must be consumed |
| peptide bond | a bond between an amino group of one amino acid and a carboxyl group of another |
| dipeptide | two amino acids joined by a peptide bond |
| polypeptide | a chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
| protein | a complex polymer consisting of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
| chromosome | a strand of DNA combined with proteins |
| gene | a segment of a chromosome that codes a specific trait |
| nucleotide | consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| nucleic acid | DNA or RNA |
